Abstract
Plants require water for growth and development, but excessive water negatively affects their productivity and viability. Flash floods occasionally result in complete submergence of plants in agricultural and natural ecosystems. When immersed in water, plants encounter multiple stresses including low oxygen, low light, nutrient deficiency, and high risk of infection. As floodwaters subside, submerged plants are abruptly exposed to higher oxygen concentration and greater light intensity, which can induce post-submergence injury caused by oxidative stress, high light, and dehydration. Recent studies have emphasized the significance of multiple stress tolerance in the survival of submergence and prompt recovery following desubmergence. A mechanistic understanding of acclimation responses to submergence at molecular and physiological levels can contribute to the deciphering of the regulatory networks governing tolerance to other environmental stresses that occur simultaneously or sequentially in the natural progress of a flood event.
Highlights
Over the past six decades, flooding events have increasingly occurred throughout the world as a consequence of global climate change [1]
Submergence is a type of flooding stress and is defined as a condition where the entire plant is fully immersed in water or at least part of the shoot terminal is maintained above the water surface
We propose that SUB1A and SK genes differentially regulate the hormonal network conserved in rice, modulating the two antithetical responses to submergence, respectively (Figure 2)
Summary
Over the past six decades, flooding events have increasingly occurred throughout the world as a consequence of global climate change [1]. Prolonged flooding substantially impacts their productivity and viability, plants are equipped with the acclimation mechanisms to cope with a transient influx of water into their environment Such adaptive responses include energy generation through fermentative metabolism in the absence of oxygen, development of aerenchyma and adventitious roots for improved aeration, a reduction in cuticle and epidermal cell wall thickness for decreased diffusion resistance, activation of internode and petiole elongation to outgrow submergence water, and restriction of growth for the conservation of precious energy until floodwater subsides [3,4]. We discuss how plants coordinate multiple adaptation mechanisms to cope with various stresses that occur concurrently or subsequently during submergence and following desubmergence
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