Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NBS) find increasing attention as actions to address societal challenges through harnessing ecological processes, yet knowledge gaps exist regarding approaches to landscape planning with NBS. This paper aims to provide suggestions of how planning NBS can be conceptualized and applied in practice. We develop a framework for planning NBS by merging insights from literature and a case study in the Lahn river landscape, Germany. Our framework relates to three key criteria that define NBS, and consists of six steps of planning: Co-define setting, Understand challenges, Create visions and scenarios, Assess potential impacts, Develop solution strategies, and Realize and monitor. Its implementation is guided by five principles, namely Place-specificity, Evidence base, Integration, Equity, and Transdisciplinarity. Drawing on the empirical insights from the case study, we suggest suitable methods and a checklist of supportive procedures for applying the framework in practice. Taken together, our framework can facilitate planning NBS and provides further steps towards mainstreaming.
Highlights
The concept of nature-based solutions (NBS) has become a key topic of contemporary research around options for Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.more sustainable development of cities and rural areas
NBS have been proposed as key opportunities for adapting to climate change (e.g. Kabisch et al 2016; Frantzeskaki et al 2019), to attain the sustainable development goals (Faivre et al 2017), and more generally to contribute to a better future for people and nature (Maes and Jacobs 2017; Seddon et al 2020)
Discussion of NBS options and possibilities for action, i.e. which variants are available for dealing with barrages and what effects the different variants have
Summary
Kabisch et al 2016; Frantzeskaki et al 2019), to attain the sustainable development goals (Faivre et al 2017), and more generally to contribute to a better future for people and nature (Maes and Jacobs 2017; Seddon et al 2020). Albert et al (2019) highlighted the complementary contributions of landscape planning and governance research in identifying, designing and implementing NBS. Relevant insights for developing such knowledge can be found in general frameworks of landscape planning
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