Abstract
Ecosystem service values have rarely been incorporated in the process of planning ecological infrastructure for urban areas. Urban ecological infrastructure is a network system of natural lands and waters that provides ecosystem services. The purpose of this study was to design landscape corridors that maximize the value of ecosystem services in ecological infrastructure planning. We explored the optimal corridors to enhance the connectivity among landscape elements to design an ecological infrastructure for the city of Gwacheon, South Korea, as an example of a small urban area. We calculated the value of ecosystem services using standardized estimation indices based on an intensive review of the relevant literature and employed the least-cost path method to optimize the connectivity of landscape structural elements. The land use type in the city with the highest estimated value of ecosystem services was the riparian zone (i.e., 2011 US$7,312.16/ha). Given areal coverage of all land use types, the estimated value of developed area open spaces was 2011 US$899,803.25, corresponding to the highest contribution to the total value of ecosystem services. Therefore, the optimal configured dispersal corridors for wildlife were found from the riparian zones (source area) to the developed area open spaces (destination area) in the city. Several challenges remain for improving the estimation of the value of ecosystem services and incorporating these ecosystems in ecological infrastructure planning. Nonetheless, the approaches taken to estimate the value of ecosystem services and design landscape corridors in this study may be of value to future efforts in urban ecological infrastructure planning.
Highlights
The term “ecosystem services” refers to the benefits gained from the complex interactions between the human environment and the functions of an ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration, improvements in air and water quality, microclimate regulation, biodiversity and recreational and cultural and social value [1,2,3,4,5,6]
We developed least-cost paths for ecological infrastructure planning according to the estimated value of ecosystem services, which were created based on the shortest distance with the least resistance to the movement of the main species in Gwacheon
The total mean service values were calculated from each value of ecosystem services within each land use unit typology (Table 1)
Summary
The term “ecosystem services” refers to the benefits gained from the complex interactions between the human environment and the functions of an ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration, improvements in air and water quality, microclimate regulation, biodiversity and recreational and cultural and social value [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Ecosystem functions represent the capacity of an ecosystem to provide goods and services to indirectly satisfy human needs [10,11]. These ecosystem functions act at the intersection between ecosystem features (e.g., built-up areas and residential functions or forest and timber production) and structures (e.g., landscape diversity, complexity and fragmentation). Ecosystem structures or patterns can affect landscape functions through the composition and configuration of landscape elements [9,12,13], and they can affect ecosystem services indirectly This statement implies that ecosystem services are expected to fulfill many landscape functions according to the landscape structure. This concept of ecosystem services has become significant among researchers and practitioners in landscape planning and management [14]
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