Abstract
Abstract The studied conjecture is that ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are hypothetical Planck neutrinos arising in the decay of the protons falling onto the gravastar. The proton is assumed to decay at the Planck scale into positron and four Planck neutrinos. The supermassive black holes inside active galactic nuclei, while interpreted as gravastars, are considered as UHECR sources. The scattering of the Planck neutrinos by the proton at the Planck scale is considered. The Planck neutrinos contribution to the CR events may explain the CR spectrum from 5 × 1018 eV to 1020 eV. The muon number in the Planck neutrinos-initiated shower is estimated to be larger by a factor of 3/2 in comparison with the standard model that is consistent with the observational data.
Highlights
The origin of ultra high energy (> 1018 eV) cosmic rays (UHECRs) is an open question (Kotera & Olinto 2011; Letessier-Selvon & Stanev 2011; Blasi 2013)
The studied conjecture is that ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are hypothetical Planck neutrinos arising in the decay of the protons falling onto the gravastar
Consider the scenario in which UHECRs arise in the decay of the protons falling onto the gravastar
Summary
The origin of ultra high energy (> 1018 eV) cosmic rays (UHECRs) is an open question (Kotera & Olinto 2011; Letessier-Selvon & Stanev 2011; Blasi 2013). The CRs with energies from the first knee to the second knee, are likely accelerated in supernova remnants of the Galactic origin (Thoudam et al 2016) In this case, the knee signals the maximum energy for light nuclei, and the second knee, for heavy nuclei. They studied the sensitivity of restrictions to various Fermi-LAT galactic foreground models, to the choice of extragalactic background light model and to overall normalization of the energy spectrum They found viable proton and nuclei models, with relatively large generation index and not very large maximum redshift. The model of the galaxy with hot dark matter consisting of Planck neutrinos can explain the rotation curves of the galaxies (Khokhlov 2018)
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