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Abstract
Despite recent significant advances in understanding angiosperm phylogeny, the position of monocots remains uncertain. We present here a phylogeny inferred from four genes that unambiguously unite monocots with eumagnoliids. A well-supported position for the monocots was obtained only after we replaced the available nuclear 18S rDNA sequence data with data from phytochrome C in a matrix that also included plastid rbcL and ndhF and mitochondrial atpl. Over 5000 base pairs of sequence data from 42 taxa were analyzed using Bayesian inference. The results of these analyses united monocots with the eumagnoliids in a well-supported clade. Although the substitution of phytochrome C for 18S data led to a highly supported position for the monocots, comparison with more densely sampled single-gene studies revealed conflict among data sets. This indicates that larger data sets from each genome should be explored explicitly to evaluate the position of the monocots, and that each of these larger data sets also should be investigated for insight into potential sources of conflict.
Highlights
During the past decade our knowledge of angiosperm evolution has advanced substantially as a result of molecular phylogenetics
The assembly and analysis of multigene DNA sequence matrices that include hundreds of species have significantly reshaped our perception of relationships among angiosperms and the identities of the earliest lineages (e.g., Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [APG] 1998; Parkinson et al 1999; Qiu et al 1999; Soltis et al 1999; Savolainen et al 2000; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II [APG II] 2003; and others)
We analyzed a matrix of four loci and 42 taxa
Summary
During the past decade our knowledge of angiosperm evolution has advanced substantially as a result of molecular phylogenetics. A three-gene study of 560 angiosperms that sampled one nuclear and two plastid loci placed monocots in a polytomy with eumagnoliids (Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales sensu APG II; see Qiu et al 2000) and Chloranthaceae A four-gene study of one nuclear locus, one mitochondrial locus, and two plastid loci from 16 species retrieved the Piperales, sensu APG II, as the sister group to the monocots (bootstrap support, BS ::; 50%; Duvall 2000).
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