Abstract
Placer deposits are economically valuable mineral accumulations that have been formed principally by mechanical surface or near-surface processes. Littoral placers contain minerals of relatively low whole-rock abundance that, due to their physical and/or chemical stability and the operation of fluvial, marine and/or aeolian processes, have been transported to and concentrated in the coastal or nearshore zone. It follows that in this chapter no consideration is given to chemical precipitates such as manganese nodules or biochemical accumulations such as phosphorites. In addition, deposits of sand and gravel, although abundant in coastal areas and on the continental shelves, and of considerable value, are not discussed; for the processes that give rise to large accumulations of sand and gravel are frequently inimical to the concentration of low abundance heavy minerals.
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