Abstract
This article outlines the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)—international assessments of reading and other key achievements used in many diverse countries. PIRLS focuses on reading achievement near the end of elementary education, PISA on reading achievement near the end of secondary (high school) education. Put together, they give a picture of the relative effectiveness of elementary and secondary education in enhancing reading skills in each participating country.
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