Abstract
Several studies have assessed the potential of essential oils as substitutes for synthetic pesticides, in order to counter insect resistance to commercial pesticides. Piper aduncum L. is a very common shrub in the Amazon Rainforest and in other subtropical areas. The objective of this review was to analyse the existing information on P. aduncum essential oil as a raw material for new bioproducts for sustainable pest disease management. With this review, we collected and critically analysed 59 papers, representing all the studies that aimed to evaluate the essential oil properties of this species as an insecticide, acaricide and antiparasitic. The chemical composition differs depending on the origin, although phenylpropanoid dillapiole is the most cited component, followed by myristicin, 1,8-cineole and β-ocimene. Between the acaricidal, antiparasitic and synergistic activities, the insecticidal effects are highly promising, with optimal results against the malaria vector Aedes aegypti, with an LC50 that ranges between 57 and 200μg/mL. Acaricidal activity has mainly been reported against Tetranychus urticae, showing an LC50 that ranges between 5.83 and 7.17μg/mL. Antiparasitic activity has predominately been found on Leishmania amazonensis, and antipromastigote activity has been found to be between 23.8 and 25.9μg/mL. Concerning the synergistic effect between dillapiole and synthetic insecticides, four studies on Spodoptera frugiperda found promising results with cypermethrin. In this review, we highlighted the potential of P. aduncum essential oil as a biopesticide, also focusing on the lack of information about applied research. We also provide suggestions for future investigations.
Highlights
About 80% of the world population relies predominantly on plants and plant extracts for health care [81]
We collected all articles related, on the one hand to antiparasitic activity mainly focusing on the Leishmania genus, and on the other, to insecticide properties, most of all regarding the multiple studies on controlling malaria vectors, among others
To form the tables, we selected the following criteria: geographic distribution of the plant used for the extraction, parts of the plant used, method of extraction, main compounds found in the oil, type of application, and organism in which it was applied and activity that it produced in that organism, specifying the concentration used to obtain different ranges of the same activity
Summary
About 80% of the world population relies predominantly on plants and plant extracts for health care [81]. After World War II, there was new trend to mostly study synthetic chemical substances, which led to a decrease in the use of botanical extracts. Synthetic chemical compounds are more effective compared to natural extracts, but the lack of knowledge about natural substances is too great to compare them fairly: only a small fraction of the 250,000 plant species has been studied properly [91, 102]. The Amazon Rain Forest is one of the most megadiverse places in the world, with more than 50,000 plant species, including at least 14,000 seed plants [13]. More than 250 species are used by indigenous communities as medicinal treatments in just a small corner of the forest [101]
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