Abstract
The pip, as the most common grapevine archaeological remain, is extensively used to document past viticulture dynamics. This paper uses state of the art morphological analyses to analyse the largest reference collection of modern pips to date, representative of the present-day diversity of the domesticated grapevine from Western Eurasia. We tested for a costructure between the form of the modern pips and the: destination use (table/wine), geographical origins, and populational labels obtained through two molecular approaches. Significant structuring is demonstrated for each of these cofactors and for the first time it is possible to infer properties of varieties without going through the parallel with modern varieties. These results provide a unique tool that can be applied to archaeological pips in order to reconstruct the spatio-temporal dynamics of grape diversity on a large scale and to better understand viticulture history. The models obtained were then used to infer the affiliations with archaeobotanical remains recovered in Mas de Vignoles XIV (Nîmes, France). The results show a twofold shift between the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages, from table to wine grape varieties and from eastern to western origins which correlates with previous palaeogenomic results.
Highlights
The pip, as the most common grapevine archaeological remain, is extensively used to document past viticulture dynamics
The destination use and geographical origins of V. vinifera are echoed in the shape of modern grapevine pips and corroborate the structure found using genetic markers
The results here obtained from this modern material dataset pave the way for a more comprehensive archaeobotanical analysis of the grapevine historical agrobiodiversity and biogeography
Summary
The pip, as the most common grapevine archaeological remain, is extensively used to document past viticulture dynamics. Significant structuring is demonstrated for each of these cofactors and for the first time it is possible to infer properties of varieties without going through the parallel with modern varieties These results provide a unique tool that can be applied to archaeological pips in order to reconstruct the spatio-temporal dynamics of grape diversity on a large scale and to better understand viticulture history. Sylvestris) to a hermaphroditic reproductive system for most of the varieties, the increase in berry and bunch sizes, the increase in sugar and acid content, and the variation in berry colour and s hape[8,9] These changes are so significant that the phenotypic diversity of the domestic grapevine, including its morphological component, is much greater than that of its wild counterpart[8]. Morphological characterization works on a highly integrated and well preserved datum, the pip shape, and its capacity to signal phenotypic resemblances, give major insights into domestication studies using modern and ancient m aterial[11,12,13,14]
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