Abstract
Threshold pion electroproduction is calculated in a model-independent way based on electromagnetic current conservation, PCAC, and crossing symmetry. The threshold s-wave multipoles E 0+ and L 0+ are expanded in terms of two dimensionless parameters, the pion-nucleon mass ratio μ = m π M , and ν 2 = k 2 M 2 , where k is the four-momentum of the virtual photon. Model-dependent terms appear in order μν 2 and μ 2 for the charged production amplitudes and in order μν 2 and μ 3 in the neutral production amplitudes. We comment on recipes to restore gauge invariance for the pseudovector electroproduction Born terms and their relationship with low-energy theorems. Finally, we discuss the possibility of determining the nucleon axial radius using threshold pion electroproduction.
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