Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Halitosis refers to malodor emanating from the oral cavity. Several mouthrinses with halitosis-reduction exist on the market, but their effect on the oral microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we used an efficient in vitro model system to investigate a test mouthrinse's impact on the oral microbiome. Methods Single halitosis-associated species and other common oral microorganism cultures were exposed to the test mouthrinse over time, and their viability was determined by culture-based selective plating. Next, the saliva-derived microbiome from healthy and halitosis-associated individuals was cultured in the presence of the test mouthrinse over time using the previously developed in vitro model system. The microbiome composition was assessed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses. Results The test mouthrinse displayed antimicrobial activity against known anaerobic bacterial species producing halitosis-related compounds such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, F. periodonticum, and Prevotella intermedia but not against other common oral microorganisms. In the multispecies, saliva-derived cultures, mouthrinse exposure decreased the relative abundance of the Fusobacterium and Prevotella genera while not affecting overall diversity. Conclusions The test mouthrinse had promising anti-halitosis characteristics at the microbiome level, as demonstrated by the reduction in the relative abundance of halitosis-associated taxa while maintaining microbial diversity.
Highlights
Halitosis refers to malodor emanating from the oral cavity [1]
Multifactorial in nature, halitosis is caused by the complex microbe–substrate and microbe-microbe interactions and has directly and indirectly been asso ciated with bacteria such as Fusobacterium period onticum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gin givalis, and Veillonella atypica [7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]
We first assayed the antimicrobial effect of the test mouthrinse (FBR) on monocultures of a panel of selected oral microbial species (Table 1)
Summary
Halitosis refers to malodor emanating from the oral cavity [1]. Estimated to affect more than 25% of the population, severe halitosis can be debilitating, resulting in decreased social interactions and over all quality of life [2,3,4]. Methods: Single halitosis-associated species and other common oral microorganism cultures were exposed to the test mouthrinse over time, and their viability was determined by culturebased selective plating. The saliva-derived microbiome from healthy and halitosisassociated individuals was cultured in the presence of the test mouthrinse over time using the previously developed in vitro model system. Results: The test mouthrinse displayed antimicrobial activity against known anaerobic bac terial species producing halitosis-related compounds such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, F. periodonticum, and Prevotella intermedia but not against other common oral microorgan isms. Saliva-derived cultures, mouthrinse exposure decreased the relative abundance of the Fusobacterium and Prevotella genera while not affecting overall diversity. Conclusions: The test mouthrinse had promising anti-halitosis characteristics at the micro biome level, as demonstrated by the reduction in the relative abundance of halitosisassociated taxa while maintaining microbial diversity
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