Abstract
Polymers and papers, which exhibit piezoelectricity, find a wide range of applications in the industry. Ever since the discovery of PVDF, piezo polymers and papers have been widely used for sensor and actuator design. The direct piezoelectric effect has been used for sensor design, whereas the inverse piezoelectric effect has been applied for actuator design. Piezo polymers and papers have the advantages of mechanical flexibility, lower fabrication cost and faster processing over commonly used piezoelectric materials, such as PZT, BaTiO3. In addition, many polymer and paper materials are considered biocompatible and can be used in bio applications. In the last 20 years, heterostructural materials, such as polymer composites and hybrid paper, have received a lot of attention since they combine the flexibility of polymer or paper, and excellent pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of ceramics. This paper gives an overview of piezoelectric polymers and papers based on their operating principle. Main categories of piezoelectric polymers and papers are discussed with a focus on their materials and fabrication techniques. Applications of piezoelectric polymers and papers in different areas are also presented.
Highlights
Electromechanical transduction is the main principle of piezoelectricity
This review summarizes recent progress in piezoelectric polymers and papers
We have focused on numerous choices of piezoelectric polymers and papers with various materials and fabrication techniques available to prepare them
Summary
Paper is a ubiquitous material in the world directly associated with everyday use. It is one of the oldest and greatest invention by far to find many applications even today and most importantly it is environmentally friendly and biocompatible. A combination of ion migration and piezoelectric effect were employed to realize EAPap. The Whitesides group introduced microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μpads) to build biosensors [60] in 2007. Inventions like these are propelling factors for the use of paper in sensor applications Another significant development is blending materials like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), conducting polymers and ionic liquids into paper to realize hybrid paper actuators [61]. The ion migration effect in the cellulose can be improved by utilizing conducting polymers and ionic liquids as nano coats on the cellulose film, called hybrid cellulose EAPap nanocomposite. Ionic liquid and conductive polymer nanocoated cellulose EAPap have been developed to improve the performance of actuators in a humid atmosphere. At low frequency strain measurements, EApap has good sensitivity in comparison with PVDF
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