Abstract
To study the mechanism by which Pichia anomala induced with chitosan (1% w/v) controls blue mold disease in table grapes caused by Penicillium expansum, this study evaluated alterations in three yeast enzymatic activities. The changes in the five primary disease defense-related enzymes and two non-enzyme activities of table grapes were assayed. The results of the study showed that chitosan (1% w/v) significantly increased the yeast β-1,3-glucanase, catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) activities. Furthermore, P. anomala alone or induced with chitosan (1% w/v) significantly increased the table grapes enzymatic activities of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) compared to the control. The RT-qPCR results also confirmed that the genes of these major disease defense enzymes were up-regulated when the table grapes were treated with P. anomala. The highest results were recorded when the fruit was treated by yeast induced with chitosan (1% w/v). The phenolic compounds, in addition to their nutritional value, can also increase the antimicrobial properties of table grapes. The current experiment determined that the total phenol and flavonoid contents of table grapes showed the highest results for fruits treated by P. anomala induced with chitosan compared with the control. Generally, the increment of these fruit enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities shows improved table grape defense against the pathogenic fungus. The induction of the yeast with chitosan also increases its bio-control efficacy against the pathogen. This study will enable future detailed investigation in the yeast pathogen control mechanisms and the use of yeasts as bio-pesticides.
Highlights
The United Nations has indicated that for the first time in recent history world hunger is on the rise
To study the mechanism by which Pichia anomala induced with chitosan (1% w/v) controls blue mold disease in table grapes caused by Penicillium expansum, this study evaluated alterations in three yeast enzymatic activities
A higher result was recorded for yeast incubated with chitosan as compared to the control
Summary
The United Nations has indicated that for the first time in recent history world hunger is on the rise. Even with our most advanced food production technologies, we are going to fall far short of producing enough food to feed the world’s increasing population, which is expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050. To feed this growing population, we must save substantially more food than we currently produce. A disproportionate amount of our resources have been invested in the production of food (95%) while only (5%) has been dedicated to the post-harvest preservation of food This has left us with tremendous post-harvest “Skill Gaps” and “Technology Gaps” in developing countries
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