Abstract
This study investigated the phytotoxicity of herbicides applied singly or as mixtures to different crops under greenhouse conditions. Growth inhibition of the crops was taken as an indicator of phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity of mixtures was estimated by calculating EC50 value in toxic units. EC50 (mg/kg soil) of Alachlor, Bromacil and/or Diuron were: 11.37, 4.77, 1.64, respectively, on melon; 0.11, 0.08, 0.24, respectively, on molokhia, and 3.91, 3.08, 1.83, respectively, on wheat. EC50 values of binary mixture tests of (Alachlor + Bromacil), (Alachlor + Diuron), and (Bromacil + Diuron) were 12.21, 5.84, 10.22 on melon, 0.982, 925.4, 38.1 on molokhia, and 0.673, 1.34, 0.644 on wheat. Tertiary mixture tests showed EC50 values (TU/kg soil) of (Alachlor + Bromacil + Diuron) was 633.9 on melon, 3.02 on molokhia and 32.174 on wheat. Diuron was more toxic than Alachlor and Bromacil to the tested crops based on individual tests. Molokhia was the most sensitive crop to herbicides. Binary mixtures showed a synergistic effect as compared to the tertiary mixtures.
Highlights
Alachlor, Bromacil and Diuron are herbicides widely used for weed control all over the world
Phytotoxicity of a single herbicide test Phytotoxicity of Alachlor, Bromacil and Diuron as a single test on melon, molokhia and wheat are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4, respectively
Above 0.5 mg/kg soil of each herbicide, a steady increase of growth inhibition was observed in all cases
Summary
Bromacil and Diuron are herbicides widely used for weed control all over the world. Alachlor is a chloroacetanilide herbicide, used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in fields of corn, soybeans and peanuts. One of the most commonly used herbicides, belongs to Urea derivatives that are applied in pre-emergence and post-emergence to control broadleaf weeds in a wide variety of annual and perennial broadleaf and grass weeds (Field et al 1997; Gooddy et al 2002). It has been classified as a slightly hazardous pesticide by WHO (USEPA 1994; Malato et al 2002). Diuron is relatively persistent in the environment with a half-life of over 300 days
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