Abstract
Cyanotoxins are harmful to aquatic and water-related organisms. In this study, Lemna trisulca was tested as a phytoremediation agent for three common cyanotoxins produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Cocultivation of L. trisulca with Dolichospermum flos-aquae in BG11 medium caused a release of the intracellular pool of anatoxin-a into the medium and the adsorption of 92% of the toxin by the plant—after 14 days, the total amount of toxin decreased 3.17 times. Cocultivation with Raphidopsis raciborskii caused a 2.77-time reduction in the concentration of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in comparison to the control (62% of the total pool of CYN was associated with the plant). The greatest toxin limitation was noted for cocultivation with Microcystis aeruginosa. After two weeks, the microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentration decreased more than 310 times. The macrophyte also influenced the growth and development of cyanobacteria cells. Overall, 14 days of cocultivation reduced the biomass of D. flos-aquae, M. aeruginosa, and R. raciborskii by 8, 12, and 3 times, and chlorophyll a concentration in comparison to the control decreased by 17.5, 4.3, and 32.6 times, respectively. Additionally, the macrophyte stabilized the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH values of the water and affected the even uptake of cations and anions from the medium. The obtained results indicate the biotechnological potential of L. trisulca for limiting the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms and their toxicity.
Highlights
IntroductionCyanobacteria are one of the most widespread photosynthetic bacteria in the world
The concentration of cyanotoxins in the water is minimal and not enough to cause a toxic effect on animals
The situation changes during the mass growth of cyanobacteria able to produce and release cyanotoxins
Summary
Cyanobacteria are one of the most widespread photosynthetic bacteria in the world They can live in every type of environment and on every type of substrate, and some of them show the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen [1,2]. Out of the many described groups of toxins, three of them are the most commonly determined in freshwater reservoirs These include hepatotoxic microcystins (MC), cytotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and neurotoxic anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) [5]. The situation changes during the mass growth of cyanobacteria able to produce and release cyanotoxins. This state is called cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (CyanoHAB)
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