Abstract
A 150-day experiment was performed to investigate the stimulatory effect of a promising phytoremediation strategy consisting of Suaeda heteroptera (S. heteroptera), Nereis succinea (N. succinea), and oil-degrading bacteria for cleaning up total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in spiked sediment. Inoculation with oil-degrading bacteria and/or N. succinea increased plant yield and TPH accumulation in S. heteroptera plants. The highest TPH dissipation (40.5%) was obtained in the combination treatment, i.e., S. heteroptera + oil-degrading bacteria + N. succinea, in which the sediment TPH concentration decreased from an initial value of 3955 to 2355 mg/kg in 150 days. BAF, BCF, and TF confirmed the role of N. succinea and oil-degrading bacteria in the amelioration and translocation of TPHs. In addition, TPH toxicity of S. heteroptera was alleviated by N. succinea and oil-degrading bacteria addition through the reduction of oxidative stress. Therefore, S. heteroptera could be used for cleaning up oil-contaminated sediment, particularly in the presence of oil-degrading bacteria + N. succinea. Field studies on oil-degrading bacteria + N. succinea may provide new insights on the rehabilitation and restoration of sediments contaminated by TPHs.
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