Abstract
Chromium (Cr), especially in hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] may contaminate water or soil and cause detrimental effects, as it is potentially carcinogenic and teratogenic. Phytoremediation using plants such as Typha angustifolia provides an alternative approach for handling Cr waste. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism of Cr accumulation in T. angustifolia. Hydroponic media containing T. angustifolia was added with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of Cr (VI) (K2Cr2O7). After 15 days of treatment, distribution and speciation of Cr in roots and shoots of T. angustifolia were analyzed using XAS and μ-XRF. Results showed that Cr was detected in almost all parts of root and shoot at different intensities. Intensities of Cr was higher in roots (especially in the vascular bundle) than in shoot. Cr speciation in the root and shoot was found as trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] which formed as a result of Cr(VI) reduction. Based on the patterns of Cr distribution and speciation, results of this study suggest that T. angustifolia in this study does not reduce Cr(VI) to become Cr(III) inside the plants.
Highlights
EtOAcChromium (Cr), especially in the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)], is the second most commonly found waste element in the world, after arsenic (Ar).[1]
The objective of this research was to study the mechanism of Cr accumulation based on its distribution and speciation in T. angustifolia treated with Cr(VI) using micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) imaging and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES)
Results showed that Cr concentrations were detected in both root and shoot of T. angustifolia treated with 1, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of Cr(VI)
Summary
EtOAcChromium (Cr), especially in the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)], is the second most commonly found waste element in the world, after arsenic (Ar).[1] Approximately 90% of this waste originates from metallurgical industries, 5% from refractories and foundries, and 5% from other chemical industries.[2] The level of Cr toxicity depends on its valence, i.e., Cr with a valence of six [Cr(VI)] is more toxic than Cr with a valence of three [Cr(III)]. EtOAcIndonesia as a developing country has 78,221 sites with possible exposure to Cr(VI).[3] This statement is in line with data from the Ministry of IndustryIndonesia which describes a 7% increase in industrial development each year.[4] it is expected that the production of waste containing Cr will continue to increase and contaminate the environment, especially soil and water. People living in certain areas of Indonesia face high possibility of health risks such as infertility, respiratory problems and birth defects which are caused by Cr(VI).[3]
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