Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal present in atmosphere, rocks, sediments, and soils without a known role in plants. It is relatively mobile and can easily enter from soil into groundwater and contaminate the food chain. Its presence in food in excess amounts may cause severe conditions in humans, therefore prevention of cadmium entering the food chain and its removal from contaminated soils are important steps in preserving public health. In the last several years, several approaches for Cd remediation have been proposed, such as the use of soil amendments or biological systems for reduction of Cd contamination. One of the approaches is phytoremediation, which involves the use of plants for soil clean-up. In this review we summarized current data on the use of different plants in phytoremediation of Cd as well as information about different approaches which have been used to enhance phytoremediation. This includes data on the increasing metal bioavailability in the soil, plant biomass, and plant accumulation capacity as well as seed priming as a promising novel approach for phytoremediation enhancing.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential metal with an unknown role in plants and toxic effects on plants and animals
We focused on summarizing the data about current aspects of Cd phytoremediation, which plants have a potential to be used in phytoremediation, and what different approaches can be used to enhance Cd phytoremediation
Cadmium is a serious soil contaminant posing a threat to human health through contamination of the food chain since it can be absorbed by plants growing on agricultural land that is heavily contaminated by Cd
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential metal with an unknown role in plants and toxic effects on plants and animals It is naturally present in the atmosphere, sedimentary rocks, and soils. Cd occurs at concentrations of 0.01 to 1 mg/kg with a worldwide mean of 0.36 mg/kg (reviewed by [2]) It is one of the heavy metals with relatively high mobility (depending on many factors) in the environment and may be faster released from the soil into groundwater than other heavy metals [2]. From the soil, it can be relatively transferred into vegetative cover entering the food chain [4]. We focused on summarizing the data about current aspects of Cd phytoremediation, which plants have a potential to be used in phytoremediation, and what different approaches can be used to enhance Cd phytoremediation
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