Phytonymic variation in Aranese Occitan

An interdisciplinary linguistic which studies the problem on language variation is so called Dialectology. The variation of language happens on the usage that is caused by the change of social environment and place for ages. Language variation can be found in the form of accent, sub dialect, dialect, or that of language. Studying a language variation means also to trace the language history. Geographically, language variation can show where the speaker comes from. Linguistics distinctions analyzed in dialectology are phonetics, morphemic, and lexical variations. However, in this study, phonological and lexical variations are discussed. Glosses used are Ogden's 850 basic words which have been translated into Bahasa. The research subjects are 18 Gayo native speakers. Six of them become primary informants and the rests are as secondary ones. Methods of acquiring data used are cakap-simak (speak and listen) as well as tulis-rekam (write and record). The discovered data from the informants are crosschecked with the standardized words of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Great Dictionary). Then, the distance of word variations are determined by using dialectometry formula. The result are: 165 words = 19,41% lexical differences, 305 words = 35,88% phonetically differences, and 380 words = 44,71% without difference, neutral or zero. By regarding 1% data error tolerant, it can be concluded that Gayo language is Old Malay that has “accent variation = 20,41%" compared to New Malay or Bahasa Indonesia.

The subject of research in the article is approaches to understanding and interpreting the concept of the architecture of requirements for an IT solution. The purpose of the work is to define the architecture of software requirements for a better understanding and further implementation of this concept in the practice of software development. The article addresses the following tasks: analyze approaches to the classification of requirements to determine common and distinctive characteristics and their impact on the definition of the architecture of requirements; examine requirements engineering standards to find the definition and any relationship to the requirements architecture; consider approaches to building a set of requirements and using templates to describe them to identify optimal strategies for business analytical processes and their impact on the architecture of requirements. The following methods are used: comparative analysis, including comparison and generalization of different classifications of requirements taking into account their impact on the definition of requirements architecture, review of literature and standards related to requirements engineering, as well as analysis of their impact on the process of formation of requirements architecture, analysis of documentation with the aim identifying optimal strategies for building the requirements architecture, as well as analyzing the use of templates for describing requirements and their importance in defining the requirements architecture. In addition, the requirements quality criteria analysis results were interpolated to identify relationships between the quality of requirements and their architecture, which made it possible to determine the optimal approaches to building the architecture of requirements that meet the requirements of software quality. The following results were obtained: approaches to understanding requirements in software development were investigated, generally accepted classifications of requirements and characteristics of quality requirements were given, and links of the chain "requirements – quality of requirements – approaches to description of requirements – standards – architecture of requirements" were analyzed with further logical interpolation of the studied context on the architecture of requirements, the author's definition of the concept of architecture of requirements is proposed. Conclusions. Requirements architecture can be based on different architectural frameworks and depends on software development methodologies, but at the same time, it can vary depending on industry standards and the needs of a specific project. Also, requirements architecture can use certain document templates, but it is not limited to them.

The purpose of this research is to learn about the organizational culture and job satisfaction at the khalafiyah Islamic boarding school, as well as to discover whether organizational culture can provide job satisfaction for the teachers at the khalafiyah Islamic boarding school in Batanghari Regency. A qualitative research methodology was applied in this study. Three Islamic Boarding Schools in Batanghari Regency served as research subjects. Documents, records, archives, or printed news are examples of data sources. Passive participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies were employed as data gathering methods. Based on the study's findings, it is possible to conclude that the cultures that exist at the three Islamic boarding schools have distinct characteristics and have evolved into a culture that is formed, believed, guided, and acted upon. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the cultures that exist in the three Islamic boarding schools have distinct characteristics and become a culture that is created, believed, guided, and actualized as rules that must be obeyed in order to limit behavior (self-control) and make it a tradition and personality.

This research aims to reveal and examine the variety of Madurese dialects found in 4 districts in Madura (Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep) and their factors, starting from acquisition factors to surrounding environmental factors, as well as their influence on a person's attitude patterns. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. The research subjects that will be studied are the Madurese people in general from each district. The data collection instrument used structured interviews involving 3 people from each district and sources from the literature. The data analysis technique used by researchers is qualitative descriptive. Data analysis includes data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on research results, the diversity of Madurese dialects based on psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic studies is formed through the acquisition factor of Madurese language diversity in the form of vocabulary (dialect) by the human mental lexicon obtained by their social environment. Meanwhile, the diversity of the Madurese language accent is formed from various factors, including cultural, geographical, and social class factors, which influence their attitude patterns.

This study aims to describe the function of speech-language autistic children based on gender in school Bina Mandiri Autism Palembang and patterns of acquisition of language function is based on the types of language function developed by Halliday. The method used in this research is descriptive method. In analyzing the data used methods match those basic techniques that pragmatic aggregated power engineering and advanced engineering that appeal circuit techniques to discern. The subjects were two students Bina Mandiri Autism Palembang namely Sekar Alifia Salsabil and Jovian. The results showed that the two research subjects do not have the ability to earn a seventh language functions as proposed by Halliday. Informative function is a function of the dominant use of children with autism while the non-dominant function is the function of heuristic and imaginative function. Each function of the language used by research subjects have characteristics that mark it. Distinctive characteristics include verbal and nonverbal characteristics. When compared to the proposed acquisition of language function Halliday, the results of this study indicate that not all patterns of language acquisition functions proposed by Halliday met. In addition, new patterns are found on the instrumental function that is specific demand patterns arising from initiation are divided into normal initiation and initiation explanatory.

In the modern world, information security issues are becoming an integral part of life . In connection with the widespread introduction of modern information technologies into human activity, his life, information resources are the most vulnerable part of the system, subject to increasing attacks from intruders and of interest . Moreover, every year, cybercriminals use new ways and methods of committing atrocities, finding vulnerabilities both in computer networks, information security systems, and taking advantage of the gullibility and computer illiteracy of users, including using social engineering techniques . This necessitates the need to focus on data security in cyberspace, ensuring the proper level of information protection, and an integrated approach to solving this problem . In the modern world, users use many techniques and methods for protecting data - cryptography, hardware protection for computer equipment, authentication and many others . This article, based on scientific research materials and special literature on the subject of research, presents the capabilities of one of the most reliable technologies - blockchain technology, which, due to a number of distinctive properties and characteristics, allows for more reliable information protection . Further digitalization of society determines the development of new techniques and methods for protecting information . The main trends in the development of cyber defense are the further study and use of artificial intelligence, quantum cryptography, and cloud technologies . An important role in the field of data protection is also played by increasing the level of information security of society, eliminating computer illiteracy of users, and complying with the rules for using computer networks .

Objectives To analyze and clarify the psychological characteristics and targeted nursing strategies of constipation patients in different age groups. Methods Specifically, 180 constipation patients who received treatment in our hospital were selected as the research subjects, and then divided into three groups according to age differences: young group, middle-aged group, and elderly group. Subsequently, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) was used to quantitatively analyze the patient’s depression status, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) was used to quantitatively analyze their anxiety status. On this basis, summarize the psychological characteristics of constipation patients in different age groups and propose corresponding nursing strategies. Results The psychological characteristics of the three groups of patients after onset of the disease are distinct characteristics. Among them, the middle-aged group had the highest HAMD and HAMA scores, and there was a significant statistical difference compared with the other two groups of patients (p<.05). The elderly group had the lowest HAMD and HAMA scores. Additionally, the quality of life (SF-36) score of patients in the youth group after nursing was the highest, and there was a significant statistical difference compared with the other two groups (p<.05). Conclusions Given the different psychological characteristics of constipation patients in different age groups, targeted nursing strategies need to be developed.

Introduction. Representatives of the scientific school S. Ya. Batyshev – A. M. Novikov introduced the concept of a network approach that underlies network learning. Purpose of the article is to consider the network learning subjects typology in secondary vocational education; to determine the research concept; to get new knowledge about the distinctive characteristics and methodological support types for network learning; to designate the secondary vocational education new staff duties. Methodology and Research Methods. The methodological support novelty is associated with the transition from traditional methodological associations of teachers and methodists of secondary vocational education to the methodological support of the quality of the network educational process with many subjects participation. Research methods: theoretical (problem statement, conceptual apparatus concretization, formalization of the polysubject interaction of participants in the network educational process); empirical (study of the scientific literature on the research subject). Research results. The typology of the participants in the polysubject network interaction is considered. The concepts of “network methodist” and “methodological support of network learning” are defined. The methodological support types that need to be developed and implemented are indicated. New staff duties for the development of various types of methodological support to ensure network learning have been determined. Conclusion. The development and implementation of methodological support for network learning will reduce the time and improve the quality of training for secondary vocational education specialists for the development of the digital (network) economy.

Effective digital parenting practices ideally balance the utilization of digital technology with the preservation of local cultural values. However, in areas with strong local wisdom such as Long Nyelong Village, Samarinda, the integration of digital parenting practices and traditional values remains a challenge. This study aims to analyze the integration of local wisdom in digital parenting practices for early childhood in Long Nyelong Village. The research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis. Research subjects were selected using purposive sampling technique, involving parents with children aged 2-6 years who have access to digital technology and still adhere to local wisdom values. The results indicate that the Long Nyelong community has successfully adapted parental mediation strategies while maintaining traditional values. Parents have created unique forms of digital parenting, such as "Digital Behalai" and the use of local narratives for online safety education. Nevertheless, challenges such as intergenerational technological knowledge gaps, value conflicts, and infrastructure limitations persist. These findings emphasize the need for a culturally sensitive approach in developing digital parenting strategies, particularly for communities with distinctive characteristics.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in research approaches that can better inform policy and practice and lead to social action. This article describes four models of research: action, participatory, empowerment, and feminist research. The historical roots, epistemological assumptions, agendas, and methodological strategies of each are discussed. Common features and distinguishing characteristics are examined. The article concludes by discussing implications derived from research for family researchers and other social scientists interested in making their work more relevant to practice, policy, and social action. In recent years there has been a growing interest in research approaches that can better inform policy and practice and lead to social action. This trend has occurred in response to such factors as a growing frustration among practitioners and policy makers with the lack of relevance of traditional research findings and an increasing desire among many social scientists to conduct research that has greater social relevance. A number of research approaches from different social science traditions have evolved independently in response to common frustrations with the inability of traditional positivistic social science methods to inform questions of practice or social action and in response to the emergence of postpositivist epistemological paradigms. While these approaches have developed many similar principles of inquiry, the lack of contact among them has delayed recognition of their common themes. There are a number of contemporary research approaches that are directly concerned with informing practice and social change. Family scholars are probably most familiar with feminist methods (e.g., Allen & Baber, 1992; Reinharz, 1992; Thompson, 1992). Other action-oriented models include action research, empowerment research, and participatory research. These research approaches advocate remarkably similar agendas and share a core of epistemological assumptions and methodological strategies. This article describes these four forms of research and examines the epistemological assumptions, moral/ethical values, and methodological strategies that characterize each of them. The article focuses on commonalties among the four approaches, including their implications for family researchers. Examination of the characteristics that distinguish them from conventional, social science research is also included. In this article, the term conventional social science research refers to the positivistic scientific paradigm that has dominated the social sciences for the past century. Drawing on methods and logic first used in the physical sciences, this approach subsumes notions of causality, objectivity, and quantification with the goal of predicting and controlling human behavior (Prus, 1992). FOUR MODELS OF ACTION-ORIENTED RESEARCH What follows is an examination of the distinguishing characteristics of each of four research traditions: action research, participatory research, empowerment research, and feminist research. Each approach is introduced by a discussion of its historical origins. This is followed by an examination of three aspects germane to any research model: (a) agenda (What are the primary goals of the research? Which research questions are most worth asking? Who are the principal beneficiaries of the research findings?); (b) epistemology (What forms of knowledge are considered scientific? What role do values and ethics play in the research enterprise? Can social science be objective?); and (c) methodology (What are the most commonly used data collection strategies? How are they determined? What role do research subjects and other nonresearchers play in the research process?). These three dimensions of the research process have been selected for heuristic purposes, but they are not mutually exclusive. …

This study aims to determine the quality of the Odd Semester Final Examination Questions for Class XII Sociology Subjects at SMA Negeri 2 Padang Panjang in the 2021/2022 academic year in terms of analysis: 1) content and empirical validity, 2) reliability, 3) distinguishing characteristics, 4) difficulty level. And 5) distracting qualities. This research is a descriptive study using a quantitative approach because all the data or information obtained is manifested as numbers. The research subjects were students of class XII SMA Negeri 2 Padang Panjang, with a total population of 163 students. Data collection techniques were carried out using the documentation method to obtain data on questions, answer keys, and student test results. Based on the results of data analysis, the results of a review of aspects are obtained: 1) The validity of the content of the questions has a high category material aspect, a high category construction aspect, and a high category linguistic aspect. 2) Empirical validity, there are 7 items valid questions (17.5%) and 33 items (82.5%). 3) In terms of reliability, the question has low reliability of 0.19. 4) Discriminatory power, questions with less discriminating power 23 items (57.5%), questions with sufficient discriminating power 14 items (35%), good discriminating power three items (7.5%). 5) Difficulty level, 16 items (40%) are classified as easy, 12 items (30%) are classified as moderate, and 12 items are items (30%) ) are difficult. 6) The effectiveness of distractors, 29 items (72.5%) are eligible, and 11 items (27.5%) are not eligible. Thus it can be concluded that the quality of the items tested is not good.

As a commonly encountered condition during ship navigation, oblique sailing motion holds significant relevance for enhancing the accuracy of ship manoeuvrability predictions due to its distinctive hydrodynamic characteristics. In this study, based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the standard ship model KVLCC2 is selected as the research subject. Comparative simulations are conducted for both ballast and fully loaded conditions at 50% of the design speed. A series of drift angles are prescribed, and the viscous flow field under oblique sailing conditions is simulated using STAR-CCM+ software. By comparing the simulation results with towing tank experimental data, the discrepancies in force and moment coefficients are found to be minimal. Specifically, the relative error of the longitudinal force coefficient is less than 5%, thereby validating the accuracy of the established numerical model. On this basis, hydrodynamic force and moment coefficients are fitted using the least squares method to obtain polynomial expressions of the oblique sailing hydrodynamic derivatives under varying loading conditions and drift angles, providing a reference for the quantification of manoeuvring hydrodynamic derivatives.

Stock trend prediction has long been an important research direction in the financial field, and it is also an extremely challenging task. Currently, most studies focus on a single prediction model to find a better prediction scheme by comparing the effects of different algorithms.This paper proposes a stock trend prediction method based on a Blending ensemble learning approach, which combines 55 technical indicators such as Exponential Moving Averages (EMA) and Relative Strength Index (RSI). PCA dimensionality reduction is used to further simplify the data representation of the features after SOM dimensionality reduction. The method employs two high-performing machine learning models with distinct algorithmic characteristics as base learners and Logistic Regression as the meta-learner to construct an efficient ensemble prediction framework. Using Apple Inc.'s stock (AAPL) as the research subject, the study utilises the confusion matrix as the core performance evaluation metric. Experimental results demonstrate that optimised through hyperparameter tuning. Experimental results indicate that the Blending ensemble learning model, optimized through hyperparameter tuning, outperforms the single prediction models in terms of accuracy.

This study examines the influence mechanism of mining depth evolution on dust distribution, using the An Tai Bao open-pit coal mine as the research subject. A spatial coordinate system of the mining area was established utilizing a GIS positioning system, and high-resolution topographic data were extracted using Global Mapper. The research team developed a three-dimensional geological model updating algorithm with depth gradient as the characteristic parameter, enabling dynamic monitoring of mining depth with a model iteration accuracy of 0.5 m per update. A Fluent-based numerical simulation method was employed to construct a depth-dependent dust migration field solving system, aiming to elucidate the three-dimensional coupling mechanism between mining depth and dust dispersion. The findings reveal that mining depth demonstrates a three-stage critical response to dust migration. When the depth surpasses the threshold of 150 m, the wind speed attenuation rate at the pit bottom exhibits a marked change, and the dust dispersion distance decreases by 62% compared to shallow mining conditions. The slope pressure field evolution shows a significant depth-enhancement effect, with the maximum wind pressure at the leeward step boundary increasing by 22–35% for every additional 50 m of depth, resulting in dust accumulation zones with distinct depth-related characteristics. The west wind scenario demonstrates a particularly notable depth amplification effect, with the dust dispersion range in a 200-meter-deep pit expanding by 53.7% compared to the standard west wind condition. Furthermore, the interaction between particle size and depth causes the dust migration distance to exhibit exponential decay as depth increases. This research elucidates the progressive constraining influence of mining depth, a critical control parameter, on dust migration patterns. It establishes a depth-oriented theoretical framework for dust prevention and control strategies in deep open-pit mines.

With the deepening application of information technology in higher education, the construction of students' social presence in blended learning environments has become a key factor affecting educational quality. This study employed a mixed-methods design, using 120 undergraduate students from a provincial key university as research subjects, and through quasi-experimental research explored the mechanism and influencing factors of information technology in promoting social presence construction. The findings revealed that students' overall social presence level in blended learning environments was moderately high (M=4.82), with the affective expression dimension scoring highest (M=5.12), while the group cohesion dimension showed considerable room for improvement (M=4.61). The development of social presence demonstrated distinct temporal phase characteristics, significantly increasing from 4.45 at the beginning of the semester to 5.18 at the end. The research confirmed a strong correlation between social presence and learning outcomes, explaining 47.2% of the variance in learning satisfaction, with a correlation coefficient of 0.645 with continued learning intention. Different technological tools exhibited differential effects in promoting social presence, with synchronous video conferencing systems showing the best results (5.74). Specific matching relationships existed between technological functional characteristics and social presence dimensions. The frequency of technology use and social presence showed an inverted U-shaped relationship, with optimal usage frequency being 7-9 times per week. Multi-level moderation effect analysis indicated that individual characteristics (introversion-extroversion personality, β=0.416), environmental factors (course subject characteristics, β=0.412), and technological factors (platform friendliness, β=0.451) significantly moderated the relationship between technology use and social presence. The study constructed a matching theory between technological functional characteristics and social presence dimensions, expanding the application boundaries of social presence theory in blended learning contexts, and providing important theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the precise design of blended learning environments and student-centered educational reform.