Abstract
In the past and present, human activities have been involved in triggering global warming, causing drought stresses that affect animals and plants. Plants are more defenseless against drought stress; and therefore, plant development and productive output are decreased. To decrease the effect of drought stress on plants, it is crucial to establish a plant feedback mechanism of resistance to drought. The drought reflex mechanisms include the physical stature physiology and biochemical, cellular, and molecular-based processes. Briefly, improving the root system, leaf structure, osmotic-balance, comparative water contents and stomatal adjustment are considered as most prominent features against drought resistance in crop plants. In addition, the signal transduction pathway and reactive clearance of oxygen are crucial mechanisms for coping with drought stress via calcium and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, brassinosteroids and peptide molecules. Furthermore, microorganisms, such as fungal and bacterial organisms, play a vital role in increasing resistance against drought stress in plants. The number of characteristic loci, transgenic methods and the application of exogenous substances [nitric oxide, (C28H48O6) 24-epibrassinolide, proline, and glycine betaine] are also equally important for enhancing the drought resistance of plants. In a nutshell, the current review will mainly focus on the role of phytohormones and related mechanisms involved in drought tolerance in various crop plants.
Highlights
Plants are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, and in response to these factors, numerous internal changes occur in plants
In Arabidopsis, stomatal closing was observed due to salicylic acid accumulation under stressed conditions because the Salicylic acid (SA)-regulated induction of PR gene expression led to drought tolerance by shutting the stomatal openings (Liu et al, 2013; Miura et al, 2013), and stomatal closure occurred through the accumulation of SA under the influence of SIZI in Arabidopsis, significantly increasing the drought tolerance
The peptide is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm and exhibited enhanced drought stress tolerance and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity compared to the wild type (Yu et al, 2016). Other peptides such as phytosulfokine (PSK), a growth related to cell proliferation; rapid alkalinization factor (RALF), which regulates root growth; LUREs, which guides pollen tube growth; STOMAGEN, which is related to stomatal development; and casparian strip integrity factor (CIF), which is associated with the formation of the casparian strip diffusion barrier; Another peptide, AtPep3 which plays an important role in the drought and salinity stresses were recently discovered (Nir et al, 2014; Liang et al, 2016; Yu et al, 2016)
Summary
Plants are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, and in response to these factors, numerous internal changes occur in plants. Abscisic acid signaling pathways have vital role in the expression of drought stress-responsive genes because various stress situations can occur in plants.
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