Abstract
BackgroundLeafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an herbaceous weed that maintains a perennial growth pattern through seasonal production of abundant underground adventitious buds (UABs) on the crown and lateral roots. During the normal growing season, differentiation of bud to shoot growth is inhibited by physiological factors external to the affected structure; a phenomenon referred to as paradormancy. Initiation of shoot growth from paradormant UABs can be accomplished through removal of the aerial shoots (hereafter referred to as paradormancy release).ResultsIn this study, phytohormone abundance and the transcriptomes of paradormant UABs vs. shoot-induced growth at 6, 24, and 72 h after paradormancy release were compared based on hormone profiling and RNA-seq analyses. Results indicated that auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and flavonoid signaling were involved in maintaining paradormancy in UABs of leafy spurge. However, auxin, ABA, and flavonoid levels/signals decreased by 6 h after paradormancy release, in conjunction with increase in gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and brassinosteroid (BR) levels/signals. Twenty four h after paradormancy release, auxin and ABA levels/signals increased, in conjunction with increase in GA levels/signals. Major cellular changes were also identified in UABs at 24 h, since both principal component and Venn diagram analysis of transcriptomes clearly set the 24 h shoot-induced growth apart from other time groups. In addition, increase in auxin and ABA levels/signals and the down-regulation of 40 over-represented AraCyc pathways indicated that stress-derived cellular responses may be involved in the activation of stress-induced re-orientation required for initiation of shoot growth. Seventy two h after paradormancy release, auxin, cytokinin, and GA levels/signals were increased, whereas ABA, JA, and ethylene levels/signals were decreased.ConclusionCombined results were consistent with different phytohormone signals acting in concert to direct cellular changes involved in bud differentiation and shoot growth. In addition, shifts in balance of these phytohormones at different time points and stress-related cellular responses after paradormancy release appear to be critical factors driving transition of bud to shoot growth.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0735-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an herbaceous weed that maintains a perennial growth pattern through seasonal production of abundant underground adventitious buds (UABs) on the crown and lateral roots
Paradormancy is growth cessation controlled by physiological factors external to the affected structure, endodormacy is growth cessation controlled by internal physiological factors, and ecodormancy is growth cessation controlled by external environmental factors [5]
abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis appeared to be decreased at the 6 h time point, as indicated by the significant reduction of ABA and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) (Fig. 8a), abundance of transcripts involved in ABA catabolism were less abundant 6 h after paradormancy release (Fig. 5, #1 and #2)
Summary
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an herbaceous weed that maintains a perennial growth pattern through seasonal production of abundant underground adventitious buds (UABs) on the crown and lateral roots. Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an herbaceous perennial weed that causes major economic losses in the Upper Great Plains of the United States [1, 2] It maintains its perennial growth cycle through the seasonal production of abundant underground adventitious buds (UABs) on the crown and lateral roots (often referred to as crown and root buds). Dormancy in these UABs inhibits initiation of new vegetative growth under favorable or unfavorable environmental conditions and is an important survival mechanism [3]. Physiological signals, including phytochrome, sugar, and phytohormones, are basically associated with direct phenotypic changes when plants perceive environmental signals
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