Abstract
Abstract Concern has been raised about the effects of phytoestrogenic plants and plant extracts on estrogen-sensitive cancers, largely based on in vitro and animal research. Soy (Glycine max) and other legumes and their isoflavones, notably genistein and daidzein, are the plants and constituents most studied, including the potential importance of metabolism of these isoflavones by gut flora to equol and its cogeners. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) and its lignans, notably secoisolariciresinol, is also discussed. Essentially, all existing epidemiologic and clinical trial research shows either benefit or absence of harm from these compounds, with some subtleties about dose and equol or enterolactone formation potentially being important. This paper will review the human research and discuss why it is at odds with in vitro research.
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