Phytoconstituents mediated fabrication of palladium nanoparticles using Butea Monosperma flower extract by autoclaving treatment towards the degradation of noxious organic dyes

Abstract

The effluents of industrial wastes contain a number of dyes and pigments that have been found to be extremely harmful to the environment and pose a threat to human existence. The fabrication of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) employing aqueous extract of the seasonal flower Butea Monosperma (BM) to work as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in a convenient, one-step method by autoclaving method is presented in the current study. UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, and TEM analyses were used to evaluate the phytoconstituents fabricated PdNPs. The synthesis of PdNPs and the catalytic discoloration of toxic chemical dyes are both detectable using optical absorption spectroscopy. The functional groups responsible for reducing and anchoring the PdNPs contained in the extract were detected using FTIR. The powder XRD pattern reveals that the particles in the FCC structure are crystalline and spherical, and that they are stable according to Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). According to TEM analysis, PdNPs have crystallite sizes that vary from 3 to 8 nm on average. In excess sodium borohydride (SBH), the PdNPs showed excellent catalytic activity in the degradation of organic dyes like Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), Crystal Violet (CV), and Methyl Red (MR), with apparent reduction rates of 0.56 min−1, 0.45 min−1, 0.40 min−1, and 0.39 min−1, respectively. The kinetic studies show that the degradation rate appears to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The current study offers a successful strategy for the widespread green biosynthesis of PdNPs for possible catalytic applications.