Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Buddleja indica Lam. leaves methanol extract (BIT) resulted in the isolation of six known compounds for the first time from the plant, namely, p-hydroxybenzoic acid 1), caffeic acid 2), quercetin 3-O-β-D glucoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside 3), kaempferol 3-O-β-D glucoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside 4), quercetin 7-O-β-D glucoside 5) and kaempferol 6). BIT extract showed potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging between 0.48 and 1.95 μg/ml with Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible to the BIT effect. It showed a notable antimycobacterial and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity with MIC values of 100 and 80 μg/ml, respectively. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was more sensitive to the antiviral activity of BIT comparable to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), showing 48.38 and 41.85% inhibition of the viral replication at a dose of 50 μg/ml for VSV and HSV-1, respectively. In silico molecular docking of the isolated compounds revealed that caffeic acid 2) showed the highest fitting within the active sites of DNA-gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Quercetin 7-O-β-D glucoside 5) revealed the best fitting in dihydrofolate reductase active site with ∆ G value equals −36.53 Kcal/mol. Kaempferol 6) exhibited the highest fitting towards β-lactamase, SARS-CoV-2PLpro, and SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro active sites. Thus, B. indica Lam. can be considered as a future source of cheap, substantially safe, and credible antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral candidate of natural origin that could effectively participate in solving the problem of COVID-19 pandemic. These findings provide a scientific consolidation for the ethnomedicinal uses of Buddleja indica Lam. as a topical antiseptic.
Highlights
In spite of the great progress in the therapeutic strategies for the alleviation of many human health disorders, infectious diseases due to bacteria, fungi, and viruses still constitute a major challenge to public health (Youssef et al, 2014; Ayoub et al, 2015)
Phytochemical investigation of B. indica Lam. leaves methanol extract resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of six known polyphenolic compounds, which were the first to be isolated from the plant
They belong mainly to phenolic acids and flavonoids, which were fully elucidated and identified via comparing their 1D and 2D NMR data with what was previously reported in the literature. They were defined as p-hydroxybenzoic acid 1) (Ariga et al, 2015), caffeic acid 2) (Jeong et al, 2011), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside 3) (Gaind et al, 1981), kaempferol 3-O-β-D glucoside-7-Oα-L-rhamnoside 4) (Gaind et al, 1981), quercetin 7-O-β-D
Summary
In spite of the great progress in the therapeutic strategies for the alleviation of many human health disorders, infectious diseases due to bacteria, fungi, and viruses still constitute a major challenge to public health (Youssef et al, 2014; Ayoub et al, 2015). People experiencing severe COVID-19 suffered from cytokine storm syndrome with concomitant secondary hemophagocytic, hyperinflammation, lymphohistiocytosis, hyperferritinemia, cytopenias, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Combating this pandemic and other infectious agents is of high necessity that demands the rapid discovery of effective drug entities (Mehta et al, 2020; Munnink et al, 2020). Plant kingdom constitutes an everlasting source of bioactive compounds that turn out to be relatively safe and widely acceptable by a large category of patients compared to synthetic drugs (Ashour et al, 2018; Thabet et al, 2018a)
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