Abstract
Many measures have been used for mosquito control, including the elimination of breeding places, exclusion via window screens and mosquito nets in addition to natural products including clove (Syzygium aromaticum). This study was run at University of Gezira, Sudan, to run phytochemical and GC-MS screening for clove pods before used it as mosquito control agent. The standard methods, materials and devices were used to screen the phytochemical components and the chemical constituents (GC-MS). The WHO protocol for testing the susceptibility of mosquito’s larvae to insecticides was followed in bioassay. The aqueous and the ethanol extracts from clove pods were prepared and used against Anopheles, Culex and Aedes larvae. The results showed that, Aedes mosquito was relatively more susceptible (LC50= 498 mg/L) to clove aqueous extract than Anopheles (LC50= 561 mg/L) and Culex (LC50= 615 mg/L), and similar findings were observed for clove pods ethanol extract, which is relatively more potent than the aqueous extract. The biocidal activity can be attributed to the presence of the detected saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The GC-MS for the ethanol extract showed that, the principal compounds were Eugenol (81%) and caryophyllene (4.65%). Further studies should be run to improve knowledge about how to use this natural product in more economic trends.
Highlights
In order for a mosquito to transmit a disease to the host there must be favorable conditions, referred to as transmission seasonality [1]
This study was run at University of Gezira, Sudan, to run phytochemical and GC-MS screening for clove pods before used it as mosquito control agent
The results showed that, Aedes mosquito was relatively more susceptible (LC50= 498 mg/L) to clove aqueous extract than Anopheles (LC50= 561 mg/L) and Culex (LC50= 615 mg/L), and similar findings were observed for clove pods ethanol extract, which is relatively more potent than the aqueous extract
Summary
In order for a mosquito to transmit a disease to the host there must be favorable conditions, referred to as transmission seasonality [1]. Seasonal factors that impact the prevalence of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are primarily humidity, temperature, and precipitation. A positive correlation between malaria outbreaks and these climatic variables has been demonstrated in China [2] and El Niño has been shown to impact the location and number of outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases observed in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia and India [3]. Mosquito-borne diseases are currently most prevalent in East Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and India; emergence of vector-borne diseases has recently been observed. One statistical model predicts by 2030, the climate of southern Great Britain will be climatically suitable for malaria transmission Plasmodium vivax for 2 months of the year. By 2080 it is predicted that the same will be true for southern Scotland [4]
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