Abstract
Optimization of the extraction conditions of polyphenolic compounds for different parts of the Damas species, Conocarpus lancifolius and Conocarpus erectus, grown under UAE conditions was studied. The combination of ethanol concentration (50, 75, and 100%), temperature (45, 55, and 65 °C) and time (1, 2, and 3 h) was used by applying the Response Surface Methodology. The data showed that the extracts (n = 90) contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins, and were free of alkaloids. Changing the extraction conditions had a significant effect on the detection of phytosterols, saponins, and glycosides and on the solubility of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, t-ferulic acid, rutin hydrate, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and flavone. The data reveal that the roots and leaves of C. erectus and the leaves and fruits of C. lancifolius are the most important plant parts from which to extract these compounds. This study draws attention to the unordinary use of Conocarpus spp. as a source of natural food additive.
Highlights
This is the first study in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) area focusing on the effects of the extraction conditions on polyphenols using response surface methodology (RSM) from different parts of trees grown under UAE conditions
This agrees with the findings of Sundari et al [28] and Saadullah [29], which refer to the existence of antioxidants in all extracts of various plant parts of Damas trees species (C. lancifolius and C. erectus)
Alkaloids disappeared completely from all extracts using all detection methods (Wagner’s and Hager’s). This agrees with the findings of Saadullah et al [19], who detected the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins and the absence of alkaloids in the methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of C. lancifolius
Summary
The simplest way of classifying these components is into three groups: (1) phenols (such as coumarins, flavonoids, lignins, phenolic acids, stilbens and tannins), (2) terpenes (such as carotenoids, plant volatiles, cardiac glycosides, and sterols), and (3) nitrogen-containing compounds (such as alkaloids and glucosinolates) [5] Such plant secondary metabolites have been considered for their ability to enhance human health [6]. Little information is known about the polyphenols of the two species of Conocarpus, i.e., C. lancifolius and C. erectus This is the first study in the GCC area focusing on the effects of the extraction conditions on polyphenols using response surface methodology (RSM) from different parts of trees grown under UAE conditions. In addition to quantifying and identifying the types of polyphenols present in the ethanolic extracts, this is the first time that the extraction conditions of the most important polyphenols extracted from the different parts of the two Conocarpus species are optimized
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