Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer, and the third most prevalent cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Voluminous evidence has demonstrated that phytochemicals play a critical role in the prevention and management of gastric cancer. Most epidemiological investigations indicate that the increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Experimental studies have elucidated the mechanisms of action, including inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms have also been related to the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and the modulation of gut microbiota. In addition, the intake of phytochemicals could enhance the efficacy of anticancer chemotherapeutics. Moreover, clinical studies have illustrated that phytochemicals have the potential for the prevention and the management of gastric cancer in humans. To provide an updated understanding of relationships between phytochemicals and gastric cancer, this review summarizes the effects of phytochemicals on gastric cancer, highlighting the underlying mechanisms. This review could be helpful for guiding the public in preventing gastric cancer through phytochemicals, as well as in developing functional food and drugs for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer.
Highlights
According to the data from the World Health Organization in 2015, cancer has become an important cause of premature death in many countries [1]
Combined treatment of diallyl trisulfide and docetaxel showed a synergistic effect against gastric cancer through inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with increased level of metallothionein 2A (MT2A) and inhibition of NF-κB signaling in BGC823 cells [110]
Numerous epidemiological studies have suggested that the consumption of natural dietary products such as fruits, vegetables, spices, isoflavone and quercetin is inversely related to the risk of gastric cancer
Summary
According to the data from the World Health Organization in 2015, cancer has become an important cause of premature death in many countries [1]. Gastric cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, and its mortality ranks third in cancers, with an estimated 783,000 deaths in 2018 [1,2]. Due to the high incidence and mortality rate, gastric cancer is considered a severe public heaInltt.hJ.pMrool.bSlcei.m202[30,]2.1A, xcFcOoRrdPiEnEgR RtoEVthIEeWanatomy of stomach, gastric cancer can be classified into ocfa2r6dia and noncardia gastric cancer. Gastric cancer can be categorized into intestinal-type andpudbiffliuc shee-atyltphep[r4o]b. LHemeli[c3o]b.aActcecroprydlionrgi itnoftehcetioana, thoimghysoafltstionmtaakceha, ngdasstrmicockainncgerarceancobnescidlaesrseidfietdo ibnetothe macianrdriisak afancdtonrsonfocrargdaisatrgicasctarniccecrawncoerrl.dIwnidheis. RHeveleicaolbeadctehrapt yeltohrni icnifteyctpiolany,shaigrholseailnt itnhteakoensaentdofsgmaosktriincgcanrecer, andcoCnshiidneerseedrtaocbeewthase mmaoirne rsiuskscfeapcttoibrslefotor gthaestrciacnccaenrc[e6r]w. Toorlddwatied,ec.hInemEoutrhoperea, pthye, raamdpialitfiiocnattiohneroafpy, andHEgaRs-t2regcetnoemwyahsafvoeunbdeetno rbeecoagrnisikzefdacatosrth[5e].mInaiAnstihae, raasptiuedsyforrevtreeaaletidngthgaat settrhicniccaitnyceprla[y7s].aHroolwe einver, thetshee tohnesreatpioefs guassutrailclycacnacuesre, asenvderCehsinideeseeffraeccetswoarstomxoicrietys,utshcuepstribesletritcotitnhge tchaenicrearp[p6l]i.cTatoiodnat[e8,,9]. In apdhdytioticohne,meixcpaelsri[m17e–n19ta],l asntuddtiheescihnedmiciactaeldsttrhuacttuprhesyotofcshevemeraiclaplhsyetxohcihbeimteidcaplsroatreecsthivoeweeffdeicntsFiagguarienst gas1t.rIinc acdandciteiornth, erxopuegrhimsenvtearlasltumdeiecshianndiiscmatse,dinthcalut dphinygtoicnhheimbiitciaolns eoxfhciebliltepdroplriofetercattiivoene[f2fe0c]t,siangdauinctsiton of gaapsotrpictocsains c[e2r1t]haronudghausteovperhaalgmye[c2h2a]n, iasmntsi,-ainncgluiodginengeisnihsib[2it3io],nsoufpcperllepssrioolinfeorafticoenll[2m0e],tainsdtauscitsio[n24], moodfualpaotipotnosoisf g[2u1t] manicdroabuitootpah[a2g5y],[a2n2]d, ainhtii-banitgioiongeonf eHsiesli[c2o3b]a,csteurpppyrleosrsiio[n26o].f Mcelolrmeoevtaesrt,atshise [u2s4e], of phymtodchuelamtioicnalosf cgouutldmibceroabioptraom[25is]i,nagndadinjuhvibaintitonthoefraHpeylicfoobracgtearstpryiclorcia[n2c6e].r.MTorheiosvreerv, itehwe uasiemosf to sumphmyatoriczheetmhiecaelffsectosuoldf pbheytaocphreommiicsainlsgoandtjhuevapnret vtehnetriaopnyanfodr mgasntarigcemcaennctero.f Tghasistrircevcaienwcera,iwmisthtothe mescuhmanmisamrizseothf eaecftfieocntsionftepnhsyitvoeclhyemdiisccaulsssoendt,haenpdreivtenaltsiooniallnudstmraatnesagtehmeebnitooafvgaailsatrbiiclictaynacenrd, wsaitfhety of pthheymtoecchheamniiscmalss.of action intensively discussed, and it illustrates the bioavailability and safety of phytochemicals
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