Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts which regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition, but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothcin, and 3,3′-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art and potential of phytochemicals as modulators of lncRNAs in different types of cancers.
Highlights
It is known that only about 2% of the human genome is transcribed into proteins or regulatory elements, while the rest of the genome is either non-coding or transcribed into RNA, with no possibility for translation to any protein, it is biologically active [1]
We describe the state-of-the-art of how Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and cancer-related carbonic anhydrase (CA) could be modulated and inhibited by defined phytochemicals as an additional option for cancer prevention and treatment
Several studies proved this opinion sound during the subsequent decades, and studies were focused on discovering effective molecular targets for the modulatory function of phytochemicals
Summary
It is known that only about 2% of the human genome is transcribed into proteins or regulatory elements, while the rest of the genome is either non-coding or transcribed into RNA, with no possibility for translation to any protein, it is biologically active [1]. Numerous studies have introduced new types of drugs derived from plants (phytochemicals), which regulated the expression of several lncRNAs in cancer cells with no side effects [15]. It is well-documented that healthy nutrition prevents cancer. Studies have shown the overexpression of cancer-related CAs, such as CA IX, in tumor cells, while their expression in normal cells is often low [23] These facts and a number of recent publications suggest that cancer-related CAs are, potential and promising anti-cancer targets [22]. We describe the state-of-the-art of how lncRNAs and cancer-related CAs could be modulated and inhibited by defined phytochemicals as an additional option for cancer prevention and treatment
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