Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to perform phytochemical screening, and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of Sauropus androgynus leaf extract against pathogenic organisms.
 Methods: Sauropus androgynus leaves were shade dried, powdered, and extracted by Soxhlet hot extraction procedure using ethanol or methanol. The aqueous extract was prepared using a rotary shaker. The qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was estimated by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of extracts against various pathogens was performed using serial microdilution assay and microtiter plate method, respectively.
 Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. GC-MS studies also revealed the presence of biologically active compounds. Methanolic extract of S. androgynus showed higher DPPH Scavenging activity compared to other extracts. All the extracts were able to inhibit both bacterial growth and biofilm production; however, the methanolic extract showed the highest antibiofilm activity.
 Conclusion: S. androgynus plant extracts possess significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity.
Highlights
India is famous for its ancient heritage of using medicinal plants in traditional medicines
liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of S. androgynus leaves (SALA) extract revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds
The results show that SALM, S. androgynus leaves (SALE), and SALA possess potent antioxidant activity (Fig. 3)
Summary
India is famous for its ancient heritage of using medicinal plants in traditional medicines. Plants are used as medicines in different systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, Allopathy, and Homoeopathy [1,2]. From these medicinal plants, many new therapeutically effective drugs have been discovered and formulated as anticancer drugs or antimicrobials [3,4,5,6]. Studies reveal that many medicinal plants are a good source of bioactive compounds such as peptides, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols (most of which have antimicrobial activity) to treat microbial infections [8,9,10,11]. Antibiotic resistance of pathogens and the drastic side effects of antibiotic use have stimulated the search for new medicinal/ bioactive compounds, especially from plants [12]. Plant-derived compounds have been found to have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, due to safety and less-toxicity properties [14,15,16,17]
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