Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra

Diah Lia Aulifa,Diki Prayugo Wibowo,Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah,Seno Aulia Ardiansyah,Yolanda Armiliani Julata,Desty Santi Christy

doi:10.5530/pj.2018.1.28

Abstract

Introduction: The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. Previous studies showed that black mulberry fruit has activity as antibacterial and antioxidant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract by measuring the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by the extract in cellular membrane of the bacteria. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract were also evaluated. Results: The antibacterial activity showed the most active extract was an ethanol extract of the stem bark against S. epidermidis and P. acnes with MIC value 4 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The extract also induced protein and ion leakage in test bacterial cells. SEM findings revealed that the extract induced potential cellular membrane damage in 4xMIC. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall.

Highlights

The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia
The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes
The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall

Summary

Introduction

The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. In China, black mulberry plants are often used to decrease blood pressure, anti-hyperglycemic, diuretic, antioxidant, anthelmintic, anti-parasitic and antibacterial.[6,7,8,9] Black mulberry was known could inhibit bacterial i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococus flavus, Streptococcus faecal, Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[4,10] Previous studies showed that the ethanol extract of Morus nigra fruit has activity against Propionibacterium acnes (MIC 2.5 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC 2.5 %).[11] Acne vulgaris is the most common skin desease. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes were proliferate during puberty and can developed acne.[1,12]

Objectives

Methods

Results