Abstract
One of the objectives of nanotechnology is to synthesize effective nanoinsecticides in a bid to reduce the prevalence of the numerous diseases caused by mosquitoes. This synthesis is even more vital in cases where phytochemicals from plants extracts are used as reducing agents. In this study, phytochemical screening of aqueous sprout extract of Palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopum) was performed, in accordance with some established methods and the results confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, glycosides, tannins, phenols as well as quinines, however, sterols, steroids and terpenoids were not detected. Subsequently, the sprout extract was used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Characterization with Fourier transform infrared and Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry was then carried out to confirm the synthesis. In addition, the AgNPs were further analyzed for larvicidal potency against 1st, 2nd 3rd and 4th instars Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae, at interval concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 ppm. The LC50 and LC90 values discovered to be 9.103 ppm and 134.463 ppm with a correlation of 0.815, as well as 10.316 ppm and 118.810 ppm with a correlation of 0.801, for the 1st and 2nd instars, respectively. Meanwhile, the 3rd and 4th instars had LC50 and LC90 values of 17.585 ppm and 179.052 ppm, respectively, with a correlation of 0.807. This study provides a basis for extracting and analyzing the reduction potential of the phytochemicals present in the sprout extract, as well as the application of AgNPs, in controlling mosquito larvae population.
Highlights
Phytochemical screening is a crucial step in the discovery of bioactive compounds (Altemimi et al, 2017), while a report by Kwaji et al (2018) showed some phytochemicals have been known to exhibit biological properties
Based on the results of phytochemical screening, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and coumarins, were present in considerable quantity, glycosides and quinones were present in minute quantity, while terpenoids and steroids were absent (Table 1)
Alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, quinones, phenols, tannings, coumarins and flavonoids were discovered to be present within the extract, while terpenoids and sterols/steroids, were not detected
Summary
Phytochemical screening is a crucial step in the discovery of bioactive compounds (Altemimi et al, 2017), while a report by Kwaji et al (2018) showed some phytochemicals have been known to exhibit biological properties. Phytochemicals are natural, usually bioactive compounds, often found in plants as primary or secondary components (Chikara et al, 2018). The primary compounds are utilized exclusively used by plants, the secondary compounds are more fascinating for studies. Previous studies provide better insights on Borassus flabellifer. This species has a higher carbohydrate, fiber, amino acids, and protein content, contains essential phytochemicals, exhibits significant antibacterial activity at the different parts of the plant such as root (Sahni et al, 2014; Aziz et al, 2016), leaves (Jamkhande et al, 2016; Sarmini & Premaratne, 2018), fruit (Vijayakumari et al, 2014; Singchai et al., Vol 8(2), December 2020
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