Phytochemical profile and toxicity of extracts from the leaf of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. collected in mangrove areas affected by port activities

Abstract

• The toxicity of A. marina leaves was evaluated in ethyl acetate extract and methanol extract. • Ethyl acetate extract of A. marina which had potential toxicity, was analyzed for the phytochemical profile and total phenol. • Phytochemical profile were analyzed using preliminary phytochemical and GC–MS analysis which revealed presence major compounds, including fatty acids, phenols, terpenes, alkaloids, alcohols, hydrocarbons. • The first record of phytochemical and toxicity profiles of A. marina leaves collected from mangrove areas affected by port activity waste. Mangrove leaves are natural materials with various sources of toxic bioactive compounds that can be developed for the pharmaceutical field. Avicennia marina mangrove vegetation on the coast of South Sumatra is dense, and its location is unique because it is close to port activity waste. Environmental influences at the site are thought to have an impact on the diversity of bioactive compounds. The study was conducted to analyze the phytochemical profile of A. marina leaf extract using GC–MS analysis and its potential toxicity through Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. Samples were taken from mangrove vegetation near Tanjung Api-Api Port, South Sumatra. Furthermore, the sample was conducted toxicity test on brine shrimp, total phenol analysis, preliminary phytochemical test, and GC–MS analysis. Based on the results of toxicity tests, the value of LC 50 ethyl acetate extract amounted to 454 μg/mL, and methanol extract amounted to 740 μg/mL. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extract contained 1.3205 mg GAE/g total phenol, and phytochemical test results contained saponins, flavonoids and steroids. GC–MS analysis detected major compounds, including groups of fatty acids, phenols, terpenes, alkaloids, alcohols, hydrocarbons and minor compounds of cannabinoids and amines. Ethyl acetate extract of A. marina leaves produced a structure of bioactive compounds that had been reported to have potential as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticide and antioxidant. The results of this study were expected to provide important information in finding sources of bioactive compounds, taking into account the more real influence of extrinsic environments.