Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction in extracts of immature wheat bran. Immature wheat bran (IWB) was obtained from immature wheat harvested 10 days earlier than mature wheat. The phytochemical compositions of bran extract samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The total ferulic acid (3.09 mg/g) and p-coumaric acid (75 µg/g) in IWB were significantly higher than in mature wheat bran (MWB, ferulic acid: 1.79 mg/g; p-coumaric acid: 55 µg/g). The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC: 327 µM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA: 4.59 µM Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g) of the IWB were higher than those of the MWB (ORAC: 281 µM TE/g; CAA: 0.63 µM QE/g). When assessing cell proliferation, the IWB extracts resulted in the lowest EC50 values against HT-29 (18.9 mg/mL), Caco-2 (7.74 mg/mL), and HeLa cells (8.17 mg/mL) among bran extract samples. Additionally, the IWB extracts increased the gene expression of p53 and PTEN (tumor suppressor genes) in HT-29 cells, indicating inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis through tumor suppressor genes.
Highlights
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accounts for approximately 30% of global cereal production [1] and is used as an energy source in the human diet [2]
immature wheat bran (IWB) contained more free sinapic acid (3.95 μg/g) than mature wheat bran (MWB) (2.46 μg/g). These results suggested that IWB with high sinapic acid might have potential antioxidant activities
The use of IWB as a functional ingredient remains limited because of a lack of information regarding the advantages of IWB
Summary
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accounts for approximately 30% of global cereal production [1] and is used as an energy source in the human diet [2]. Vitamins, minerals, and fiber present in the bran fraction of the grain have been reported to be responsible for most of the beneficial health effects of whole grains [6]. For these reasons, numerous studies have investigated the beneficial health effects of wheat bran in recent years [2,6,7,8]. Numerous studies have investigated the beneficial health effects of wheat bran in recent years [2,6,7,8] These studies have focused on the beneficial health effects regarding the antioxidant activities and phenolic acid composition of wheat bran.
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