Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug-resistant strains and novel viruses have motivated the search for new anti-infectious agents. In this study, the chemical compositions and cytotoxicity, as well as the antibacterial, antifungal, antitrichomonas, and antiviral activities of essential oils from the leaves, rhizomes, and whole plant of Hornstedtia bella were investigated. The GC/MS analysis showed that β-pinene, E-β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene were found at high concentrations in the essential oils. The essential oils exhibited (i) inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values from 1 to 4% (v/v); (ii) MIC and MLC values from 2 to 16% (v/v) in Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis; (iii) MIC and MLC values from 4 to 16% in Enterococcus faecalis; and (iv) MIC and MLC values from 8 to greater than or equal to 16% (v/v) in the remaining strains, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. In antitrichomonas activity, the leaves and whole-plant oils of Hornstedtia bella possessed IC50, IC90, and MLC values of 0.008%, 0.016%, and 0.03% (v/v), respectively, whilst those of rhizomes oil had in turn, 0.004%, 0.008%, and 0.016% (v/v).Besides, the leaf oil showed a weak cytotoxicity against Vero 76 and MRC-5; meanwhile, rhizomes and whole-plant oils did not exert any toxic effects on cell monolayers. Finally, these oils were not active against EV-A71.
Highlights
Infectious diseases are caused by infectious microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites [1]
The average yields of essential oils (EOs) were calculated based on dry weight, affording 0.35 ± 0.01%, 0.24 ± 0.01% and 0.27 ± 0.01% (v/w) for leaves, rhizomes and whole plant, respectively
The constituents accounted for higher amounts in the oil from the whole plant of H. bella were β-pinene (25.52%), 1,8-cineole (10.50%), α-pinene (8.75%), E-β-caryophyllene (5.56%), α-humulene (5.64%), germacrene D (5.84%) and ledene
Summary
Infectious diseases are caused by infectious microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites [1]. A broad range of antibiotics have been produced to inhibit or kill microorganisms, playing a key role in the treatment of many infectious diseases [2]. Viruses have been mutating and transforming into new species, many of which have caused devastating consequences, namely, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by HIV (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by coronavirus, hemorrhagic fevers by Ebola virus [1], and most recently, the pandemic crisis of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2, which has affected millions of people worldwide [5]. It is very crucial to search for an effective alternative replacing the use of synthetic compounds whilst exerting promising effects on the treatment of infectious diseases [8]
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