Abstract
The processing of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) yields a considerable amount of bio-waste. Accumulation of this waste is considered a health risk because it is a potential source of air and water pollution. Recycling of the unutilized fruit parts, therefore, reduces the quantity and the impact of the bio-waste released to the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from three fruit parts (peel, fiber and the core) of jackfruit sampled from the coastal region of Kenya. Different extraction techniques and solvents were tested. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content of the peels, fiber and the core were obtained from methanol extracts following a 48-hour incubation. The values were recorded at 17.07±5.16 mg/g, 23.28±4.73 mg/g, and 15.68±3.74 mg/g for the phenolics and 28.55±12.42 mg/g, 35.4±9.53 mg/g and 36.23±2.54 mg/g for the flavonoids, respectively. The highest tannin content was obtained from distilled water extracts following homogenization recorded at 10.82±2.63 mg/g, 10.39±4.10 mg/g and 10.52±1.05 mg/g for peels, fiber and core, respectively. The fiber extracts gave the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity followed by the core at 61.51±29.90% and 51.06±33.39%, respectively. The antioxidant activity was highest for methanol fiber extracts at 61.51±29.90% for DPPH radical scavenging activity and 7.94±4.56 mg/mL for reducing power assay. The best antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) was obtained from Ethyl acetate extracts showed. The unutilized jackfruit parts, therefore, are a potential source of natural antioxidants as well as antibacterial, for agriculture and food industry
Highlights
The disposal of unutilized parts of fruits is a key environmental concern because of increased bio-waste accumulation
It has been shown that phenolic content differs with solvent polarities; pure methanol and acetone were found to be better solvents than water (Addai et al, 2013)
The results showed that antioxidant activity is not very sensitive to extraction solvents as the values were mostly above 50% but higher radical scavenging compounds were from distilled water extracts
Summary
The disposal of unutilized parts of fruits is a key environmental concern because of increased bio-waste accumulation. The main sources of the bio-waste are factories, such as the fruit juice processing plants in the food industry that leave huge accumulation of unutilized parts of the fruits ( Asquieri et al 2008). Phytochemical compounds, essential elements, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, have been isolated from unutilized parts of fruits found making them important to the food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industry (Al-Zoreky, 2009; Dorta et al, 2012; Geraci et al, 2016). Researches have confirmed that there are appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds in waste fruit parts (peels pomaces, seed and fiber) with potential benefits to human health and can act as fungicides, bactericides and for disease control in agriculture (Al-Zoreky, 2009; Geraci et al, 2016)
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