Abstract
Owing to the richness of bioactive compounds, Olea europea leaf extracts exhibit a range of health effects. The present research evaluated the antibacterial and antiviral effect of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europea L. var. sativa (OESA) and Olea europea var. sylvestris (OESY) from Tunisia. LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis allowed the identification of different compounds that contributed to the observed biological properties. Both OESA and OESY were active against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC values between 7.81 and 15.61 μg/mL and between 15.61 and 31.25 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 for OESY and OESA, respectively). The antiviral activity against the herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) was assessed on Vero cells. The results of cell viability indicated that Olea europea leaf extracts were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. The half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values for OESA and OESY were 0.2 mg/mL and 0.82 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both a plaque reduction assay and viral entry assay were used to demonstrate the antiviral activity. In conclusion, Olea europea leaf extracts demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect, as well as remarkable antiviral activity, which could provide an alternative treatment against resistant strains.
Highlights
Herbal medicine has been widely employed to treat or prevent diseases using plant extracts
Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the leaf hydroalcoholic extract of O. europea var. sativa (OESA) showed a higher content of total phenols (5.04 ± 0.29 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry extract (DE) vs. 4.40 ± 0.38 g GAE/100 g DE) and flavonoids (35.25 ± 3.19 g quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g DE vs. 31.10 ± 1.81 g QE/100 g DE) with respect to the leaf hydroalcoholic extract of O. europea var. sylvestris (OESY)
The current study revealed that polyphenols from O. europea leaf extract exhibit an antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, which was stronger for the methicillin sensitive strains
Summary
Herbal medicine has been widely employed to treat or prevent diseases using plant extracts. The olive leaves from O. europaea are rich in biophenols, such as oleuropein (Ole), verbascoside, ligstroside, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol [10]. These compounds have shown several biological activities, including antioxidant, antithrombotic, as well as skin photoprotective properties [10,11]. The antiviral effect of olive extracts from Iran has been demonstrated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero cells [17]. Acyclovir is widely used for the treatment of primary and recurrent HSV-1 infections [21] Based on this evidence, the present study aimed to prepare and compare two olive leaf extracts from O. europea var. The antiviral mechanism exerted by OESA and OESY extracts was assessed against HSV-1
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