Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is a commonly used herbal plant that has several documented properties against various diseases. The existing study evaluated the inhibitory effect of acetonic extract of C. verum (AECV) and ethyl acetate extract of C. verum (EAECV) against piroplasm parasites in vitro and in vivo. The drug-exposure viability assay was tested on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) and human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Qualitative phytochemical estimation revealed that AECV and EAECV containing multiple bioactive constituents namely alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and remarkable amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids. AECV and EAECV inhibited B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi multiplication at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 23.1 ± 1.4, 56.6 ± 9.1, 33.4 ± 2.1, 40.3 ± 7.5, 18.8 ± 1.6 µg/mL, and 40.1 ± 8.5, 55.6 ± 1.1, 45.7 ± 1.9, 50.2 ± 6.2, and 61.5 ± 5.2 µg/mL, respectively. In the cytotoxicity assay, AECV and EAECV affected the viability of MDBK, NIH/3T3 and HFF cells with half-maximum effective concentrations (EC50) of 440 ± 10.6, 816 ± 12.7 and 914 ± 12.2 µg/mL and 376 ± 11.2, 610 ± 7.7 and 790 ± 12.4 µg/mL, respectively. The in vivo experiment showed that AECV and EAECV were effective against B. microti in mice at 150 mg/kg. These results showed that C. verum extracts are potential antipiroplasm drugs after further studies in some clinical cases.
Highlights
Theileriosis and babesiosis are tick-transmitted diseases with significant economic impacts in the bovine and equine industries all over the world [1]
Preliminary examination of acetonic extract of C. verum (AECV) and EAECV pointed to the existence of different phytoconstituents such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids that may be responsible for their pharmacological activities
The analysis revealed that AECV consisted of 17 compounds and the main chemical components detected were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (52.87%), chromen-2-one (10.63%), o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, (5.04%), γ-muurolene (4.92%), cadina-1(10),4-diene (4.64%) and acetic acid cinnamyl ester (4.35%), while EAECV was found to possess 26 compounds and the main chemical components identified were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (53.81%), coumarin (9.92%), γ-muurolene
Summary
Theileriosis and babesiosis are tick-transmitted diseases with significant economic impacts in the bovine and equine industries all over the world [1]. Babesia divergens and B. microti mainly affect cattle and rodents, respectively, and reveal zoonotic significance [2]. Babesia divergens is the main reason for babesiosis in Europe, mainly in immunocompromised humans, while B. microti is the main known etiologic agent responsible for human babesiosis in the USA. As well as B. bigemina, are the most pathogenic agents in cattle [1], while Theileria equi and Babesia caballi are considered the most devastating infections in horses. Only a few drugs are available, such as a combination of clindamycin and quinine, atovaquone-azithromycin, diminazene aceturate (DA), and imidocarb dipropionate [5]. Some human cases showed resistance to atovaquone and azithromycin combination, imidocarb dipropionate has shown strong toxicity to the host, and DA–resistant parasites have emerged [2,6]. Several studies have documented the effectiveness of antipiroplasmic herbal extracts such as Syzygium aromaticum methanolic extract [7], methanolic Cuminum cyminum seeds extract and acetonic Myrtus communis roots [8], and methanolic
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