Abstract
Five xanthone derivatives and one flavanol were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Garcinia mangostana. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate extract and the major xanthone (α-mangostin) were evaluated in vitro against erythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum, intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi and free trypomastigotes of T. brucei. The major constituent α-mangostin was also checked for antimicrobial potential against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillius subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. cheleneoi, M. xenopi and M. intracellulare. Activity against P. falciparum (IC50 2.7 μg/mL) and T. brucei (IC50 0.5 μg/mL) were observed for the dichloromethane extract, however, with only moderate selectivity was seen based on a parallel cytotoxicity evaluation on MRC-5 cells (IC50 9.4 μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was inactive (IC50 > 30 µg/mL). The major constituent α-mangostin showed rather high cytotoxicity (IC50 7.5 µM) and a broad but non-selective antiprotozoal and antimicrobial activity profile. This in vitro study endorses that the antiprotozoal and antimicrobial potential of prenylated xanthones is non-conclusive in view of the low level of selectivity.
Highlights
IntroductionClusiaceae) contains well-known fruit trees with about
NMR-data (Tables 1 and 2) and comparison with reported data led to the identification of α-mangostin (1) [13], β-mangostin (2) [14], 1-hydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxy-2,8-bis (3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone (3) [15], 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone
(4) [16,17], tovophyllin A (5) [18,19] and catechin (6) [20]. α-Mangostin was the major compound isolated from these series, enabling in vitro antiprotozoal and antimicrobial evaluation
Summary
Clusiaceae) contains well-known fruit trees with about. Garcinia mangostana Linn., known as mangosteen, is cultivated in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asian nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Philippines and Thailand where traditional medicine uses the pericarp for the treatment of abdominal pain, diarrhea, cystitis, eczema, dysentery, wound suppuration and chronic ulcers [2,3]. G. mangostana revealed the presence of prenylated xanthones, benzophenones, bioflavonoids and triterpenes [8,9,10]. Over 68 xanthone-type constituents were reported [11], of which the prenylated cage-type is encouraging for further biological and chemical studies. The present study evaluated the in vitro antileishmanial, antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal potential of the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of G. mangostana, as well as the isolation and characterization of its xanthone constituents
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