Abstract
Andrographis paniculata has been an important plant for traditional medicine in Asia for centuries. Andrographolide is the primary bioactive phytochemical from the plant and is known to exhibit many different protective effects through modulation of various proteins and signaling pathways. Andrographolide has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects as well as being an antioxidant itself. We therefore studied whether andrographolide could provide protective effects to the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell model for Parkinson's disease. In this study, we observed andrographolide inhibiting activation of NF-κB p65 (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and JNK MAPK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathways, however, it did not provide any protective effect against induced stress in the SH-SY5Y cells. We propose the sustained low-level activation of JNK and the inhibition of NF-κB promoted ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production that yielded the observed cell death. Therefore, the protective effects observed with andrographolide appear to be cell/tissue specific responses.
Highlights
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide (Berg et al, 2007)
The pathological hallmark of PD is the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) area in the brain leading to the depletion of dopamine (Xie et al, 2010)
We examined the antioxidant effect of andrographolide on the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell model for Parkinson's disease
Summary
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide (Berg et al, 2007). Loss of dopamine negatively affects the nerves and muscles controlling movement and coordination, resulting in the major symptoms characteristic of PD. These symptoms include differing extents of rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, and dementia (de Lau and Breteler, 2006; Lees et al, 2009). PD is a multifactorial disease with one of the salient mechanisms involved in the onset and progression being mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress (Lotharius and Brundin, 2002). Exposure to ROS triggers a series of events including depletion of antioxidant defenses and oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Andrographis paniculata has been an important plant for traditional medicine in many Asian countries for centuries (Akbar, 2011). The full non-adjusted western blot image of Figure 1B is shown in
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