Abstract
Pharmaceutical products of essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. are extensively being developed, while the research on their safety is seldom documented. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and the effect of cassumunar ginger oil on cell-based assay and the zebrafish model. The essential oil was isolated from fresh rhizomes of Z. cassumunar using simultaneous steam-distillation. Chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Effect of cassumunar ginger oil on adult carp fish peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated using MTT assay. The embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of cassumunar ginger oil were studied in zebrafish embryos. GC-MS results showed that the essential oil was composed of sabinene (43.54%) and terpinen-4-ol (29.52%) as the major phytoconstituents. No fish PBMC cytotoxic effect was observed with the concentration less than 50 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil. Our results showed for the first time the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of cassumunar ginger oil in zebrafish embryos. The result indicated that the cassumunar ginger oil induced zebrafish embryotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. At 500 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil demonstrated significantly moderated embryotoxicity within 24 h (p < 0.05). The survival rate of 100 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger group was markedly declined to zero at 96-h post-fertilization (log-rank test, p = 0.001). However, survival rates of zebrafish embryo in the 1 and 10 µg/mL cassumunar ginger groups were more than 90% throughout the trial period. Moreover, very low teratogenicity to the zebrafish embryo was also observed in 1 and 10 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger groups. Our findings suggest that there is hardly any cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity at concentrations less than 10 µg/mL of cassumunar ginger oil. However, the toxicity assessment of its pharmaceutical product should prove for further consumer protection.
Highlights
The perennial angiosperm plants of family Zingiberaceae is distributed widely the tropical climatic areas including Asia, Africa and America [1]
The composition of essential oil was identified by terpenoids (87.97%), which consisted mainly of monocyclic monoterpenoids (87.47%) and small amounts of sesquiterpenes (0.52%)
The results summarized that the cassumunar the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the control group was 100%, while that of the PBMCs treated with 5, 10, 50, 100 and ginger oil induced PBMCs cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner
Summary
The perennial angiosperm plants of family Zingiberaceae is distributed widely the tropical climatic areas including Asia, Africa and America [1]. This plant family is a significant bioresource provided various utilizations including food ingredients and spices, medicinal herbs, aromatherapy agents and textile dyes [2]. The phytotherapies of the plant extracts is worldwide exceeding in both human and veterinary medicines [3]. The rhizome of Zingiberaceous plants are a valuable source of terpenes and terpenoids, which exhibits a broad spectrum of biological effects. Plants of the Zingiber genera represent useful herbal remedies under Zingiberaceous plants including Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. corallinum Hance., Z. nimmonii Dalzell., Z. officinale Rosc., Z. wrayi. Z. cassumunar (cassumunar ginger) is commonly used as a traditional medicinal plant with treatment of a variety of illnesses in Thailand and many
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