Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the genotoxicity potential of Ficus deltoidea var. kunstleri aqueous extract (FDAE) using standard in vitro assays. The DNA damage of V79B cells was measured using the alkaline comet assay treated at 0.1 mg/mL (IC10) and 0.3 mg/mL (IC25) of FDAE together with positive and negative controls. For in vitro micronucleus assay, the V79B cells were treated with FDAE at five different concentrations (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 mg/mL) with and without S9 mixture. The bacteria reverse mutation assay of FDAE was performed on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, 100, 1535, 1537, and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA using pre-incubation method in the presence or in the absence of an extrinsic metabolic system (S9 mixture). FDAE at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL significantly increased DNA damage in both comet tail and tail moment (p < 0.05). No significant changes were detected in the number of micronucleated cell when compared to control. Tested at the doses up to 5000 µg/plate, the FDAE did not increase the number of revertant colonies for all strains. In conclusion, further investigation needs to be conducted in animal model to confirm the non-genotoxicity activities of FDAE.
Highlights
Medicinal herbs have been utilized as a complementary and alternative medicine for many years in which it has gained widespread popularity throughout the world in treating diseases and improving healthy life in human-beings [1,2]
The HPLC system employed consisted of Surveyor gradient (Thermo Scientific, CA, USA), comprising of a pumping system, auto sampler, and degasser coupled with photodiode array absorbance (PDA) detector scanning from 200 to 700 nm controlled by Xcalibur software version 1.3
We showed that FDAE was not mutagenic in both in vitro micronucleus and bacterial reverse mutation assays
Summary
Medicinal herbs have been utilized as a complementary and alternative medicine for many years in which it has gained widespread popularity throughout the world in treating diseases and improving healthy life in human-beings [1,2]. Ficus deltoidea (family: Moraceae) or locally known as “Mas Cotek” is one of the most common plants used in herbal based products development in Malaysia. It is native and widely distributed in other Southeast Asia countries including Thailand and Indonesia since the past few decades [5]. Flavonoids have shown various pharmacological properties such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidant activities [8,9], though little is known about their safety and potentially detrimental toxic effects which might take place if taken in large doses for a short period or a long period of time [10]. Notwithstanding the widespread use of F. deltoidea plant in traditional medicine, limited data on genotoxicity effects on variety kunstleri is available
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