Phytochemical and Gene Network Analysis Elucidating the Key Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Gomisin J in Schisandra sphenanthera

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The biosynthesis and distribution of lignans in medicinal plants, particularly in Schisandra sphenanthera, hold significant pharmacological importance. This study bridges the knowledge gap in understanding the tissue-specific biosynthesis and distribution of these compounds, with a focus on Gomisin J. Our phytochemical analysis revealed a distinct accumulation pattern of Gomisin J, predominantly in the roots, contrasting with the distribution of Pregomisin and Dihydroguaiaretic acid. This finding highlights the roots’ unique role in lignan storage and biosynthesis. Further, differential gene expression analysis across various tissues illuminated the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of these lignans. Utilizing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we identified the MEtan module as a key player, strongly correlated with Gomisin J levels. This module’s in-depth examination revealed the crucial involvement of four cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and eight transcription factors. Notably, the CYP genes DN6828 and DN2874-i3 exhibited up-regulation in roots across both male and female plants, while DN51746 was specifically up-regulated in male roots, indicating a potential gender-specific aspect in Gomisin J biosynthesis. Comparative analysis with functionally characterized CYP71A homologs suggests these CYP genes might be involved in distinct biosynthetic pathways, including terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids, and potentially in lignan biosynthesis. This hypothesis, supported by their more than 55% identity with CYP71As and strong correlation with Gomisin J concentration, opens avenues for novel discoveries in lignan biosynthesis, pending further functional characterization. Our research provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and metabolic mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific distribution of lignans in Schisandra sphenanthera, offering valuable insights for their pharmacological exploitation.