Abstract
Oenothera biennis L. (OB), also commonly known as evening primrose, belongs to the Onagraceae family and has the best studied biological activity of all the members in the family. In therapy, the most frequently used type of extracts are from the aerial part, which are the fatty oils obtained from the seeds and have a wide range of medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activity of OB hydroalcoholic extract and to provide directions for the antimicrobial effect, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential against A375 melanoma cell line, and anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity. The main polyphenols and flavonoids identified were gallic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin and rosmarinic acid. The total phenolic content was 631.496 µgGAE/mL of extract and the antioxidant activity was 7258.67 μmolTrolox/g of extract. The tested extract had a mild bacteriostatic effect on the tested bacterial strains. It was bactericidal only against Candida spp. and S. aureus. In the set of experimental conditions, the OB extract only manifested significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity against the A375 human melanoma cell line at the highest tested concentration, namely 60 μg/mL. The migration potential of A375 cells was hampered by the OB extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, at the highest tested concentration, the OB extract altered the mitochondrial function in vitro, while reducing the angiogenic reaction, hindering compact tumor formation in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, the OB extract elicited an anti-inflammatory effect on the experimental animal model of ear inflammation.
Highlights
Phytotherapy has regained huge interest and confidence in the last two to three decades, it was present and used in all human cultures for centuries
The Oenothera biennis L. (OB) extract elicited an anti-inflammatory effect on the experimental animal model of ear inflammation
The release of cytochrome c precedes the activation of caspase-3, both being characteristic of apoptosis, but this activation was not observed in this study, and the results showed that the activation of caspase-3 cannot be directly involved in evening primrose seeds extract (EPE)-induced apoptosis [62]
Summary
Phytotherapy has regained huge interest and confidence in the last two to three decades, it was present and used in all human cultures for centuries. It has become a mainstream therapy in many countries (developed or in developing), and is frequently used as a primary source of healthcare because of its well-known advantages, including its efficiency in a wide range of pathologies and milder side effects, as compared to chemical-synthetized molecules. (OB), known as evening primrose, belongs to the Onagraceae family. Evening primrose has the best studied biological activity of all the members of the family and possess a wide range of medicinal properties [6]
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