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Abstract
The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Barleria lupulina leaves displayed antibacterial activity against five human bacterial pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi Klebsiella pneumoniae. The ethanolic extract was more inhibitory than the aqueous extract against all the test pathogens, which caused the maximum growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa at 100% concentration. In contrast, aqueous extract did not inhibit the growth of any bacterial pathogens. MIC of ethanolic extract was 2.5 mg/mL against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and 10.0 mg/mL against S. typhi and K. pneumonia. GC-MS analysis displayed the presence of twelve phytochemical compounds among which benzofuranon, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecanoic acid were the most prominent ones. These extracts also displayed cytopathic effects against HepG2 cell line performed by employing the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay which demonstrated the varying levels of cell death of HepG2 cells by ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract of B. lupulina bears a significant amount of phytochemical compounds that pose antibacterial as well as anti-cancerous properties.
Highlights
Plant-derived natural products, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse and effective pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor [1]
The ethanolic extract of B. lupulina significantly (p
Ethanolic extract at 2.5 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) inhibited the growth of E. coli, S. aureous and P. aeruginosa as compared to that of aqueous extract all four pathogens were inhibited at 10 mg/mL except S. aureus (5.0 mg/mL)
Summary
Plant-derived natural products, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and steroids have received considerable attention in recent years due to their diverse and effective pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor [1]. Several phytochemicals including barlerin alkaloid is derivative from B. lupulina which possess antimicrobial and anticancerous properties. Bataine and alkaloids have been reported from B. lupulina plant [6,7,8]. Leaves of this plant are used to treat snake bites, dog bites, swelling, bleeding wounds and rheumatism. The extracts of the plant possess anti-HSV-2 activities [9], ameliorate secondary complications of diabetes including cataract [10,11], antiarthritic [12], anti-inflammatory [13], antimicrobial [14], anti-clastogenic, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer activities besides having radiation protection [15]
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