Abstract
ABSTRACT Natural antimicrobials, known as phytobiotics, are used in bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe phytobiotic activity, in vitro and in vivo, of an extract and an essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum on avian Eschericia coli serotype O2 in broiler chickens experimentally infected. For the in vitro test, extracts at 4, 8, 12 and 16% in water-based solvent or alcohol at 70% were prepared from leaves of both plants. In the essential oils, solvents at 10% were used. A concentration of 1×108 CFU mL-1 of bacteria was seeded and on each sense disc, 25 µL of the extract or essential oil were poured, except on the positive or negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of bacterial growth was measured. In the in vivo test, 40 chickens were inoculated, by intratracheal route, with a bacterial suspension of 1 × 108 CFU mL-1. E. col was identified and isolated from the organs; mortality, morbidity and relative weight of the organs were measured, and postmortem lesions and histopathologic findings were observed. A completely randomized design and the Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis was used. By increasing the concentration of the extract, DIZ was greater; at the time of slaughter, differences in body weight (p<0.05) were found and the majority of lesions were observed in lungs. It is concluded that leave extracts of P. auritum and O. basilicum had phytobiotic activity on E. col serotype O2.
Highlights
It is calculated that about 100,000 plants produce secondary metabolites (Dixon, 2004) and the biological activity of some of them is well known (Gurib-Fakim, 2006)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytobiotic activity of the extract and essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum, first in vitro determining the diameter of the inhibition zone of bacterial growth and in vivo, in the productive performance, bacterial growth, relative weight of organs and histopathologic findings in broiler chickens experimentally infected with avian Escherichia coli serotype O2
The obtained results show that both plants inhibit E. coli growth; while using alcohol at 70% as solvent in the preparation of alcoholic extracts, diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) increased due to high polarity of the alcohol that allows to obtain an extract whose chemical composition contains the greater part of the components of the plant, polar or not polar; allowing to obtain an extract with greater quantity of secondary metabolites with phytobiotic activity (Sharapin, 2000), compared to the low solubility of water before the hydrocarbon skeleton of some phytobiotic components found in aqueous extracts (Kalemba & Kunicka, 2003)
Summary
It is calculated that about 100,000 plants produce secondary metabolites (Dixon, 2004) and the biological activity of some of them is well known (Gurib-Fakim, 2006). Some plants or part of them contain natural antimicrobials that are known as phytobiotics, these types of antimicrobials are considered as potentially safe sources (Griggs & Jacob, 2005; Rodríguez, 2011). This activity has been associated with secondary metabolites, such as: carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, safrole, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, α terpineol, linalool and cinnamic acid (Lataoui & Tantaoui-Elaraki, 1994; Consentino et al, 1999; Burt, 2004; Burt et al, 2005). Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is already known, due to its uncontrolled use (Kalra, 1998; Kalemba & Kunicka, 2003)
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