Physostigmine-loaded liposomes for extended prophylaxis against nerve agent poisoning

Abstract

Pre-administration of physostigmine can prevent poisoning against nerve agent exposure by reversibly binding to cholinesterase. However, its cholinesterase protection-based prophylactic effect can be eliminated rapidly due to short biological half-life. Liposomes are useful for encapsulating hydrophilic drugs like physostigmine, and can be used for sustained release after parenteral injection. Thus, physostigmine liposomes were prepared by the pH-gradient condition-based remote-loading method for subcutaneous injection. In addition, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipid was applied to further extend the release of physostigmine and its prophylactic action. In vitro release of physostigmine, pharmacokinetics and duration of prophylactic effect were then evaluated. Physostigmine was dissolved in distilled water and used as a solution group for comparison. The prepared liposomes showed spherical shape and their particle size was around 130 μm. Addition of PEG-lipid in liposomes significantly increased the entrapment efficiency of physostigmine. Both control and PEG liposomes exhibited sustained release pattern compared to the solution. Moreover, the release of PEG liposomes was relatively slower than that of the control liposomes. Pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that physostigmine liposomes exhibited lower maximum plasma concentration and longer half-life compared to the solution. Plasma cholinesterase inhibition ratio in the liposomal group decreased more gradually compared to the solution. Moreover, PEG liposomes showed higher plasma concentration of physostigmine and cholinesterase inhibition ratio compared to the control liposomes. These results suggest that PEG liposomes have potential to enhance the duration of cholinesterase-protecting effect of physostigmine.