Abstract
Methanol is abundant in the phyllosphere, the surface of the above-ground parts of plants, and its concentration oscillates diurnally. The phyllosphere is one of the major habitats for a group of microorganisms, the so-called methylotrophs, that utilize one-carbon (C1) compounds, such as methanol and methane, as their sole source of carbon and energy. Among phyllospheric microorganisms, methanol-utilizing methylotrophic bacteria, known as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFMs), are the dominant colonizers of the phyllosphere, and some of them have recently been shown to have the ability to promote plant growth and increase crop yield. In addition to PPFMs, methanol-utilizing yeasts can proliferate and survive in the phyllosphere by using unique molecular and cellular mechanisms to adapt to the stressful phyllosphere environment. This review describes our current understanding of the physiology of methylotrophic bacteria and yeasts living in the phyllosphere where they are exposed to diurnal cycles of environmental conditions.
Highlights
Living in the Phyllosphere.In nature, methanol is ubiquitous
Results showed that the methanol concentration in the phyllosphere was higher in the dark period and lower in the light period, which was opposite to atmospheric methanol (Figure 1) [6,7], suggesting that phyllospheric microorganisms utilize the methanol hydrolyzed from the plant pectin in a direct manner, rather than using methanol present in the air
C. boidinii aod1∆ and das1∆ strains in which genes encoding the peroxisomal methanol-metabolizing enzymes alcohol oxidase (AOD) and dihydroxyacetone synthase (DAS), respectively, were disrupted could not proliferate on leaves, indicating that methanol metabolism is necessary for growth in the phyllosphere
Summary
Methanol-utilizing (one-carbon (C1) bacteria, pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFMs)). Concentrations of methanol pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFMs)) and yeasts (C1 yeasts) colonize the surface of plan in the phyllosphere oscillate diurnally, with lower concentrations in the light period (L) and higher concentrations in the leaves and(D). After thenutrients leaf printing on the agar medium containing methanol as the soleof carbon source, pink-pigmented oscillate diurnally, with lower concentrations inexpressing the lighttheperiod (L)protein and higher concentrations in colonies were observed (left panel photo). Methanol-utilizing bacteria, known as pinkpigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFMs), are the dominant colonizers of plant leaf expressing the fluorescent protein Venus proliferate on Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (right panel surfaces (Figure 1) [11,12]. We describe our recent results on the improvement of rice crop yields by foliar spraying of PPFM cells in paddy fields
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