Physiological variables explain mineral intake in Iberian red deer

Abstract

Foraging theory predicts that animals should be able to assess nutrient content of food sources and adjust their diet according to needs. As many minerals are essential nutrients, animals should be able to discriminate and consume the amount needed for each mineral. Although this has been proved for sodium and phosphorus, it is not clear if animals can discriminate among other essential minerals, and if they do so based on physiological needs. Requirements depend on sex, age, and physiological status, and thus usually vary greatly among individuals. Thus, if animals behave as optimal foragers of minerals, factors affecting individual physiological needs should also affect intake behaviour of each mineral. We tested this prediction in Iberian red deer. During two lactation periods a series of containers with different minerals, most of them diluted in salt, were offered to 59 adult hinds and their calves while consumption behaviour was recorded. Study animals were monitored weekly and milk production was assessed during the experiment. All the lactation variables influenced mineral consumption, and the effect differed for each mineral. Models explained a higher proportion of variability in calf than hind behaviour, reflecting probably a greater constraint as a result of growth needs. Thus, results show that deer can select mineral content in their diet and that selection is shaped by physiological effort as expected if consumption is driven by physiological needs.