Abstract
Amyloodiniosis represents a major bottleneck for semi-intensive aquaculture production in Southern Europe, causing extremely high mortalities. Amyloodinium ocellatum is a parasitic dinoflagellate that can infest almost all fish, crustacean and bivalves that live within its ecological range. Fish mortalities are usually attributed to anoxia, associated with serious gill hyperplasia, inflammation, haemorrhage and necrosis in heavy infestations; or with osmoregulatory impairment and secondary microbial infections due to severe epithelial damage in mild infestation. However, physiological information about the host responses to A.ocellatum infestation is scarce. In this work, we analysed the proteome of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) plasma and relate it with haematological and immunological indicators, in order to enlighten the different physiological responses when exposed to an A.ocellatum outbreak. Using 2D-DIGE, immunological and haematological analysis and in response to the A.ocellatum contamination we have identified several proteins associated with acute-phase response, inflammation, lipid transport, homoeostasis, and osmoregulation, wound healing, neoplasia and iron transport. Overall, this preliminary study revealed that amyloodiniosis affects some fish functional pathways as revealed by the changes in the plasma proteome of S.aurata, and that the innate immunological system is not activated in the presence of the parasite.
Highlights
Nowadays, aquaculture is the food industry with the highest annual growth rate (5,8% average growth rate between 2005-2014, 4,9% in 2014) (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2016)
After 18 hours, the observation of the branchial arches indicated that Control tanks had no A. ocellatum trophonts in the gills
We have identified several spots as Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoAI), as being down regulated in T1 gilthead sea bream plasma
Summary
Aquaculture is the food industry with the highest annual growth rate (5,8% average growth rate between 2005-2014, 4,9% in 2014) (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2016). A higher development of aquaculture is constrained by different causes. Fish diseases are one of the main problems in aquaculture, especially in intensive fish farming, representing severe annual costs to producers (Murray & Peeler, 2005). Parasitic diseases caused by obligate or opportunistic pathogens can have a major impact on global finfish and shellfish aquaculture, representing a key constraint to production, sustainability and economic viability of aquaculture facilities in many regions (Shinn, Pratoomyot, Bron, Paladini, Brooker & Brooker, 2015). Global warming tends to increase the frequency of the outbreaks by increase of the ecological range of diseases and abundance of parasites, and a diminished immunocompetence in the hosts (Marcogliese, 2008; FOESA, 2013; Cristina García Diez & Remiro Perlado, 2014; FAO, 2015; Mohan, 2015)
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