Physiological resistance of grasshopper mice ( Onychomys spp.) to Arizona bark scorpion ( Centruroides exilicauda) venom

Abstract

Predators feeding on toxic prey may evolve physiological resistance to the preys' toxins. Grasshopper mice ( Onychomys spp.) are voracious predators of scorpions in North American deserts. Two species of grasshopper mice ( Onychomys torridus and Onychomys arenicola) are broadly sympatric with two species of potentially lethal bark scorpion ( Centruroides exilicauda and Centruroides vittatus) in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, respectively. Bark scorpions produce toxins that selectively bind sodium (Na +) and potassium (K +) ion channels in vertebrate nerve and muscle tissue. We previously reported that grasshopper mice showed no effects of bark scorpion envenomation following natural stings. Here we conducted a series of toxicity tests to determine whether grasshopper mice have evolved resistance to bark scorpion neurotoxins. Five populations of grasshopper mice, either sympatric with or allopatric to bark scorpions, were injected with bark scorpion venom; LD 50s were estimated for each population. All five populations of grasshopper mice demonstrated levels of venom resistance greater than that reported for non-resistant Mus musculus. Moreover, venom resistance in the mice showed intra- and interspecific variability that covaried with bark scorpion sympatry and allopatry, patterns consistent with the hypothesis that venom resistance in grasshopper mice is an adaptive response to feeding on their neurotoxic prey.